Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942013000300011
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Clinical Information

Pesando riscos e benefícios: lições aprendidas com as intervenções terapêuticas de um caso com pré-eclâmpsia grave

Balancing the benefits and risks: lessons learned from the therapeutic interventions of a case with severe preeclampsia

Shiqin Xu; Xiaofeng Shen; Fuzhou Wang

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942013000300011 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.63, n3, p.290-295, 2013
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A pré-eclâmpsia é uma síndrome da disfunção de múltiplos órgãos (SDMO) devido a suas manifestações típicas e atípicas que incluem hipertensão, proteinúria, síndrome HELLP, encefalopatia hipertensiva e coagulopatia. O manejo ideal desses pacientes requer uma avaliação do balanço entre os benefícios e riscos das estratégias terapêuticas, anestésicas e obstétricas. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente grávida de 35 anos, com uma gravidez anterior sem complicações, deu entrada em nosso instituto médico em caráter de emergência às 29 semanas de gravidez. A paciente apresentava-se com tontura, angústia no peito, palpitação, visão embaçada e sangramento vaginal. Após exame físico e laboratorial, a paciente foi diagnosticada com pré-eclâmpsia grave, síndrome HELLP, descolamento prematuro da placenta e SDMO. A paciente também apresentava deformidade da coluna vertebral e pélvica, fixação da articulação mandibular e deslocamento traqueal por causa de um acidente de trânsito ocorrido havia 11 anos. Portanto, uma cesariana de urgência foi feita sob anestesia geral com intubação nasotraqueal usando fio-guia. A paciente recebeu alta diretamente da unidade de terapia intensiva obstétrica no sétimo dia pós-operatório, com pressão arterial normal e recuperação completa das funções orgânicas. CONCLUSÕES: Este caso merece uma discussão mais detalhada sobre as considerações anestésicas no momento de se tomar uma decisão clínica para o tratamento de tal paciente. O bloqueio do neuroeixo é a primeira escolha para pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia submetidas à cesariana quando existe uma trombocitopenia moderada, mas não progressiva. Quando se opta pela anestesia geral, sedação e analgesia adequadas são necessárias para o bom controle da resposta do estresse à intubação, especialmente em pacientes com sinais neurológicos, e para evitar complicações cerebrais sérias.

Palavras-chave

ANESTESIA, Obstétrica, CIRURGIA, Cesárea, Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos, Pré-Eclâmpsia, Síndrome HELLP

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) for its typical and atypical manifestations including hypertension, proteinuria, HELLP syndrome, hypertensive encephalopathy and coagulopathy. Optimal management for such patients is determined from an assessment of the balance between benefits and risks of anesthetic and obstetric therapeutic strategies. CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old pregnant woman, with one past uncomplicated pregnancy presented at 29 weeks to our medical institute as an emergency with dizziness, chest distress, palpitation, blurred vision and vaginal bleeding. After physical examination and laboratory tests, the patient was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, placental abruption, and MODS. The patient also presented spinal and pelvic deformity, fixation of articulus mandibularis, and tracheal displacement because of a traffic accident 11 years ago. Therefore, urgent cesarean section was performed under general anesthesia with nasal tracheal intubation using a guide wire. The patient was discharged directly home from the obstetric intensive care unit on the 7th postoperative day with normal blood pressure and full recovery of organic function. CONCLUSIONS: This case merits further discussion on the anesthesia considerations concerning how to make a clinical decision when treating such a patient. Neuraxial block is the first choice for preeclampsia patients undergoing cesarean section when a moderate but not progressive thrombocytopenia exists. When general anesthesia is decided, adequate sedation and analgesia is needed to better control the stress response to intubation especially in patients with neurological signs, and to prevent major cerebral complications.

Keywords

Pre-Eclampsia, HELLP Syndrome, Multiple Organ Failure, Anesthesia, Obstetrical, Cesarean Section

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