Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942010000600008
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Clinical Information

Hematoma subdural intracraniano pós-anestesia subaracnóidea: relato de dois casos e revisão de 33 casos da literatura

Intracranial subdural hematoma post-spinal anesthesia: report of two cases and review of 33 cases in the literature

Jane Auxiliadora Amorim; Diana Souza Canuto dos Anjos Remígio; Otávio Damázio Filho; Marcos Aureliano Guerra de Barros; Valentina Nicole Carvalho; Marcelo Moraes Valença

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942010000600008 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.60, n6, p.624-629, 2010
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Hematoma subdural intracraniano é uma complicação rara pós-anestesia subaracnóidea. Relatamos dois casos de mulheres que desenvolveram hematoma subdural crônico pós-anestesia subaracnóidea, diagnosticados após a evolução clínica prolongada de cefaleia pós-punção dural (CPPD) e analisamos outros 33 casos encontrados em revisão da literatura. RELATO DOS CASOS: Nos 35 pacientes (idade entre 20-88 anos, 19 homens), 14 tinham mais de 60 anos (40%) sendo 12 (86%) homens. A relação se inverte no grupo de pacientes mais jovens (< 60 anos), no qual há duas vezes mais mulheres (14:7). Dois picos de maior incidência foram observados: 30-39 anos (31%) e 60-69 anos (29%). O período de tempo decorrido entre o início dos sintomas até o diagnóstico variou entre 4 horas e 29 semanas. Cefaleia foi referida por 26/35 (74,3%) casos; alteração do nível de consciência em 14/35 (40,0%); vômitos em 11/35 (31,4%); hemiplegia ou hemiparesia em 8/35 (22,9%); diplopia ou paresia do VI nervo craniano em 5/35 (14,3%); e distúrbio da linguagem em 4/35 (11,4%). Os fatores contribuintes foram: gravidez, múltiplas punções, uso de anticoagulantes, anormalidades vasculares intracranianas e atrofia cerebral. Em 15 casos, não foi citado qualquer fator contribuinte. Quatro em 35 pacientes (11,4%) ficaram com sequelas neurológicas e 4/35 (11,4%) morreram. CONCLUSÕES: A presença de qualquer um desses sinais ou sintomas mencionados serve de alerta para a possibilidade de ocorrer hematoma subdural intracraniano como complicação da punção dural, principalmente naqueles pacientes que apresentaram CPPD por mais de uma semana, quando uma investigação por neuroimagem se faz necessária.

Palavras-chave

COMPLICAÇÕES, hematoma subdural, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, Regional

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intracranial subdural hematoma is a rare complication of spinal anesthesia. We report two cases of women who developed chronic subdural hematoma post-spinal anesthesia diagnosed after prolonged clinical evolution of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) and we analyze other 33 cases found on literature review. CASE REPORTS: In 35 patients (ages 20-88 years, 19 males), 14 were older than 60 years (40%), of which 12 (86%) were males. The relationship is inverted in the group of younger patients (< 60 years), in which we observed twice as many women (14:7). Two peaks of higher incidence were observed: 30-39 years (31%) and 60-69 years (29%). The length of time from the beginning of symptoms until diagnosis ranged from 4 hours to 29 weeks. Headache was the main complaint in 26/35 (74.3%) patients; changes in the level of consciousness in 14/35 (40.0%); vomiting in 11/35 (31,4%); hemiplegia or hemiparesis in 8/35 (22.9%); diplopia or VI nerve paresis in 5/35 (14.3%); and language disorders in 4/35 (11.4%). Contributing factors included: pregnancy, multiple punctures, use of anticoagulants, intracranial vascular abnormalities, and brain atrophy. In 15 cases, a contributing factor was not mentioned. Four out of 35 patients (11.4%) remained with neurologic sequelae, and 4/35 (11.4%) died. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of any of the signs or symptoms mentioned above should alert for the possibility of an intracranial subdural hematoma as a complication of puncture of the dura mater, especially in those patients with PDPH for more than one week, at which time investigation by neuroimaging is necessary.

Keywords

ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, Regional, COMPLICATIONS, subdural hematoma

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