Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942009000400003
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Scientific Article

Incidência de depressão respiratória no pós-operatório em pacientes submetidos à analgesia venosa ou peridural com opioides

The incidence of postoperative respiratory depression in patients undergoing intravenous or epidural analgesia with opioids

Leonardo Teixeira Domingues Duarte; Maria do Carmo Barretto de Carvalho Fernandes; Verônica Vieira da Costa; Renato Ângelo Saraiva

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009000400003 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.59, n4, p.409-420, 2009
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A analgesia controlada pelo paciente (PCA), por via venosa ou peridural, é técnica segura e eficaz no tratamento da dor pós-operatória. Todavia, o uso de opioides não é isento de risco, e a depressão respiratória é a complicação mais temida. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a incidência de depressão respiratória associada à analgesia pós-operatória com opioides administrados por via peridural ou venosa e as características dos pacientes que apresentaram a complicação. MÉTODO: Estudo de incidência, retrospectivo, em pacientes operados no Hospital SARAH Brasília entre dezembro de 1999 e dezembro de 2007 e tratados com PCA com opioides por via venosa ou peridural. Foram definidos como casos de depressão respiratória: frequência respiratória < 8 irpm, necessidade do uso de naloxona ou saturação periférica de oxigênio abaixo de 90%. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 2790 pacientes, dos quais 635 pacientes receberam PCA venosa e 2155, analgesia peridural. Ocorreram sete casos de depressão respiratória pós-operatória (incidência de 0,25%). Destes, seis pacientes foram tratados com PCA venosa com morfina, enquanto o último recebeu analgesia peridural com fentanil. A média de idade foi de 30,5 ± 24,7 anos; o tempo médio entre o término da anestesia até a ocorrência da depressão respiratória foi de 18,1 ± 26,3 horas. A ocorrência de depressão respiratória foi significativamente mais frequente na PCA venosa com morfina (p = 0,001) e idade menor que 16 anos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de depressão respiratória encontrada foi semelhante à descrita na literatura, sendo mais frequente em crianças e adolescentes, e com PCA venosa.

Palavras-chave

ANALGESIA, ANALGESIA, ANALGÉSICOS, COMPLICAÇÕES

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a safe and effective technique in the treatment of postoperative pain. However, the use of opioids is not devoid of risks,and respiratory depression represents the most feared complication. The objective of the present study was to describe the incidence of respiratory depression associated with postoperative analgesia with the intravenous or epidural administration of opioids and the characteristics of the patients who developed this complication. METHODS: This is a retrospective, incidence study in patients who underwent surgeries at the Hospital SARAH Brasília from December 1999 to December 2007 and treated with intravenous or epidural PCA with opioids. Respiratory depression was defined as: respiratory rate < 8 bpm, need to use naloxone, or peripheral oxygen saturation below 90%. RESULTS: Two thousand seven hundred and ninety patients were evaluated; 635 of those patients received intravenous PCA and 2155 epidural analgesia. Seven patients developed postoperative respiratory depression (0.25%). Six of those patients were treated with intravenous PCA with morphine, while the last one received epidural analgesia with fentanyl. Patients had a mean age of 30.5 ± 24.7 years; the mean time between the end of anesthesia and the development of respiratory depression was 18.1 ± 26.3 hours. The incidence of respiratory depression was significantly higher in PCA with intravenous morphine (p = 0.001) and age below 16 years (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of respiratory depression was similar to that described in the literature; it is more frequent in children and adolescents, and with intravenous PCA.

Keywords

ANALGESIA, ANALGESIA, ANALGESICS, COMPLICATIONS

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