Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942008000500009
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Review Article

Proteção miocárdica pelo pré- e pós-condicionamento anestésico

Myocardial protection by pre- and post-anesthetic conditioning

Rubens Campana Pasqualin; José Otávio Costa Auler Jr.

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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A isquemia miocárdica perioperatória é um evento comumente observado no período perioperatório podendo aumentar significativamente a morbimortalidade pós-cirúrgica. As propriedades cardioprotetoras dos anestésicos voláteis e dos opióides têm sido estudadas durante algumas décadas e hoje constituem poderosas ferramentas no manuseio de pacientes com doença coronariana isquêmica. O objetivo desta revisão foi fornecer fundamentos da proteção miocárdica por precondicionamento. CONTEÚDO: Serão discutidos os conceitos sobre lesão celular decorrente de isquemia e reperfusão, precondicionamento isquêmico (PCI), precondicionamento anestésico (PCA), assim como os mecanismos de proteção miocárdica. Estudos recentes em cirurgia cardíaca demonstram que a aplicação de curtos períodos de isquemia, durante a reperfusão, podem reduzir a área de infarto do miocárdio. Os anestésicos voláteis também podem apresentar efeito protetor na reperfusão miocárdica. Independentemente da via de sinalização que leva ao precondicionamento, tanto aqueles que envolvem anestésicos quanto o isquêmico, considera-se que os canais de KATP dependentes mitocondriais sejam os mediadores finais de cardioproteção por controlarem o influxo de cálcio na mitocôndria e prevenirem a indução da necrose e apoptose. Apesar do PCI e PCA efetivamente reduzirem a área de infarto do miocárdio e melhorarem a função ventricular pós-operatória, é importante salientar que esses tratamentos devem ser anteriores ao evento isquêmics no sentido de justificar sua aplicabilidade clínica. CONCLUSÕES: Os fenômenos conhecidos como precondicionamento isquêmico e precondicionamento anestésico do miocárdi, são bem conhecidos, sendo o mecanismo de proteção similar em ambas as situações, porém nem todos os passos que levam a esta proteção foram completamente esclarecidos. Mais investigações são necessária, para que as propriedades cardioprotetoras dos agentes anestésicos possam ter aplicabilidade clínica crescente.

Palavras-chave

ANESTÉSICOS, ANESTÉSICOS, COMPLICAÇÕES, FISIOPATOLOGIA, Cardiovascular

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Perioperative myocardial ischemia is commonly observed, and it can increase significantly postoperative morbidity and mortality. The cardioprotective properties of volatile anesthetics and opioids have been studied during several decades and currently constitute powerful tools in the management of patients with ischemic coronariopathy. The objective of this review was to provide the fundaments of myocardial protection by preconditioning. CONTENTS: The concepts of cellular damage secondary to ischemia and reperfusion, ischemic preconditioning (IPC), and anesthetic preconditioning (APC), as well as the mechanisms of myocardial protection, are discussed. Recent studies in cardiac surgery demonstrated that the use of short periods of ischemia during reperfusion can reduce the area of myocardial infarction. Volatile anesthetic can also have a protective effect in myocardial reperfusion. Independently of the signaling pathway that leads to preconditioning, both anesthetic and ischemic, mitochondrial dependent KATP channels are considered the final mediators of cardioprotection by controlling the mitochondrial influx of calcium and, therefore, preventing the induction of necrosis and apoptosis. Although IPC and APC effectively reduce the area of myocardial infarction and improve postoperative ventricular function, it is important to stress that those treatments should be instituted before ischemic events to justify their clinical applicability. CONCLUSIONS: Phenomena known as myocardial ischemic preconditioning and anesthetic preconditioning are well known, and the mechanism of protection is similar in both situations; however, not every step that leads to this protection has been fully explained. Further studies are necessary to increase the clinical applicability of the cardioprotective properties of anesthetics.

Keywords

ANESTHETICS, ANESTHETICS, COMPLICATIONS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, Cardiovascular, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, Cardiovascular

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