Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942008000400006
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Scientific Article

Efeito analgésico local do tramadol em modelo de dor provocada por formalina em ratos

Local effect of tramadol on formalin evoked flinching behavior in rats

Angela Maria Sousa; Paula Andrea Baptista Franco; Hazem Adel Ashmawi; Irimar de Paula Posso

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942008000400006 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.58, n4, p.371-379, 2008
PDF Português
PDF English
Downloads: 0
Views: 1192

Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O cloridrato de tramadol é um fármaco analgésico de ação central, utilizado no tratamento de dores moderadas e intensas. Foi demonstrado efeito analgésico local do tramadol, mas seu mecanismo de ação não foi estabelecido. MÉTODO: Estudou-se o efeito da administração local, sistêmica e por bloqueio de nervo periférico do tramadol sobre o comportamento de elevação da pata gerado pela injeção de 50 µL de formalina a 1% na região dorsal da pata de ratos. O número de elevações da pata foi observado pelo período de 60 minutos. RESULTADOS: A administração local de tramadol em concentrações maiores (2,5 e 5 mg) levou ao bloqueio praticamente completo do comportamento de elevação da pata durante todo o teste. A administração sistêmica e por bloqueio de nervo periférico não afetou o comportamento de elevação da pata na fase I e diminuiu parcialmente na fase II. CONCLUSÕES: O tramadol apresentou efeito analgésico local no modelo de comportamento de elevações da pata com formalina, que é diferente de sua ação central. Esse efeito, nesse modelo, não parece ser ligado a efeito anestésico local.

Palavras-chave

ANALGÉSICOS, ANIMAIS, DOR, Experimental, FARMACOLOGIA, Farmacodinâmica

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tramadol hydrochloride is known as a centrally acting analgesic drug, used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. A local analgesic effect has been demonstrated, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. METHODS: In this study, we examined the effect of local, systemic and nerve block tramadol on the nociceptive flinching behavior elicited by injection of 50 µL of 1% formalin into the dorsal region of hind paw of rats. Nociceptive flinching behavior was observed for 60 minutes. RESULTS: Local tramadol in higher concentrations (2.5 and 5mg) almost eliminated flinching behavior during the entire test. Systemic and neural block tramadol did not affect flinching behavior in phase I and partially decreased it in phase II. CONCLUSIONS: Tramadol presented a local analgesic effect in formalin nociceptive flinching behavior that is different from its central analgesic effect. This analgesic effect, in this model, seems not to be linked to a local anesthetic like effect.

Keywords

ANALGESICS, ANIMALS, PAIN, PAIN, PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacodynamic

References

Dayer P, Desmeules J, Collart L. Pharmacologie du tramadol. Drugs. 1997;53(^s2):18-24.

Lewis KS, Han NH. Tramadol: a new centrally acting analgesic. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54:643-652.

Raffa RB, Friderichs E. The basic science aspect of tramadol hydrochloride. Pain Rev. 1996;3:249-271.

Scott LJ, Perry CM. Tramadol: a review of its use in perioperative pain. Drugs. 2000;60:139-176.

Gillen C, Haurand M, Kobelt DJ. Affinity, potency and efficacy of tramadol and its metabolites at the cloned human mu-opioid receptor. Naunyn Schmiedeberg´s Arch Pharmacol. 2000;362:116-121.

Driessen B, Reimann W, Giertz H. Effects of the central analgesic tramadol on the uptake and release of noradrenaline and dopamine in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 1993;108:806-811.

Lee CR, Mctavish D, Sorkin EM. Tramadol: A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and phamacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in acute and chronic pain states. Drugs. 1993;46:313-340.

Lehmann KA. Le tramadol dans les doulers aigues. Drugs. 1997;53(^s2):25-33.

Pang WW, Mok MS, Chang DP. Local anesthetic effect of tramadol, metoclopramide, and lidocaine following intradermal injection. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1998;23:580-583.

Sindrup SH, Andersen G, Madsen C. Tramadol relieves pain and allodynia in polyneuropathy: a radomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain. 1999;83:85-90.

Kapral S, Gollmann G, Waltl B. Tramadol added to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of an axillary brachial plexus blockade. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:853-856.

Acalovschi I, Cristea T, Margarit S. Tramadol added to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:209-214.

Pang WW, Mok MS, Chang DP. The peripheral analgesic effect of tramadol in reducing propofol injection pain: a comparison with lidocaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:246-249.

Buttner J, Ott B, Klose R. Effects of adding clonidine to mevacaine: axillary brachial plexus blockade. Anaesthesist. 1992;41:548-554.

Bianchi M, Panerai AE. Anti-hyperalgesic effects of tramadol in rat. Brain Res. 1998;797:163-166.

Bianchi M, Rossoni G, Sacerdote P. Effects of tramadol on experimental inflammation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1999;13:220-225.

Buccellati C, Sala A, Ballerio R. Tramadol anti-inflammatory activity is not related to a direct inhibitory action on prostaglandin endoperoxidases synthases. Eur J Pain. 2000;4:413-415.

Tsai YC, Chang PJ, Jou IM. Direct tramadol application on sciatic nerve inhibits spinal somatosensory evoked potentials in rats. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:1547-1551.

Dubuisson D, Dennis SG. The formalin test: A quantitative study of analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain. 1977;4:161-174.

Tj_xFF;lsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. 1992;51:5-18.

Abbott FV, Franklin KBJ, Westbrook RF. The formalin test: scoring properties of first and second phases of pain response in rats. Pain. 1995;60:91-102.

Taylor BK, Peterson MA, Basbaum AI. Persistent cardiovascular and behavioural nociceptive responses to subcutaneous formalin require peripheral nerve input. J Neurosci. 1995;15:7575-7584.

Shibata M, Ohkubo T, Takahashi H. Modified formalin test: characteristic bifasic pain response. Pain. 1989;38:347-352.

Wheeler-Aceto H, Cowan A. Standardization of the rat paw formalin test for the evaluation of analgesics. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1991;104:35-44.

Teng CJ, Abbott FV. The formalin test: a dose-response analysis at three developmental stages. Pain. 1998;76:337-347.

Hunskaar S, Hole K. The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain. 1987;30:103-114.

Puig S, Sorkin LS. Formalin-evoked activity in identified primary afferent fibers systemic lidocaine suppresses phase-2 activity. Pain. 1996;64:345-355.

Coderre TJ, Vacarino AL, Melzack R. Central nervous system plasticity in the tonic pain response to subcutaneous formalin injection. Brain Res. 1990;535:155-158.

Zimmermann M. Ethical guidelines for investigation of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain. 1983;16:109-110.

Doak GJ, Sawynok J. Formalin induced nociceptive behavior and oedema: involvement of multiple peripheral 5-hydroxitryptamine receptor subtypes. Neuroscience. 1997;80:939-949.

Granados-Soto V, Rufino MO, Lopes LDG. Evidence for the involvement of the nitric oxide: cGMP pathway in the antinociception of morphine in the formalin test. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997;340:177-180.

Parada CA, Tambeli CH, Cunha FQ. The major role of peripheral release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in formalin induced nociception. Neuroscience. 2001;102:937-944.

Ashmawi HA, Chambergo FS, Araujo Palmeira CA. The effects of pyrilamine and cimetidine on mRNA C-fos expression and nociceptive flinching behavior in rats. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:541-546.

Mert P, Gunes Y, Ozcengiz Gunay I. Comparative effects of lidocaine and tramadol on injured peripheral nerves. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;543:54-62.

Oliva P, Aurilio C, Massimo F. The antinociceptive of tramadol in the formalin test is mediated by the serotonergic component. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;445:179-185.

5dd6abeb0e8825e04813f287 rba Articles
Links & Downloads
2352-2291 (Electronic) 0104-0014 (Printed)
Braz J Anesthesiol ©2024 All rights reserved.

Braz J Anesthesiol

Share this page
Page Sections