Anestesia regional intravenosa primeiro centenário (1908-2008): Início, desenvolvimento e estado atual

Almiro dos Reis Jr

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942008000300013

Special Article

Anestesia regional intravenosa primeiro centenário (1908-2008): Início, desenvolvimento e estado atual

Intravenous regional anesthesia first century (1908-2008): Beggining, development, and current status

Almiro dos Reis Jr

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942008000300013 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.58, n3, p.299-322, 2008

PDF

Downloads: 2

Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia regional intravenosa completa neste ano de 2008 um século de existência. Sendo técnica anestésica amplamente utilizada, justifica-se recordar o fato, comemorar a data, lembrar aos anestesiologistas brasileiros o processo evolutivo pelo qual ela passou, sobretudo nos últimos 40 anos, e prestar um tributo àquele que a iniciou: August Karl Gustav Bier. CONTEÚDO: O texto relata a origem da anestesia locorregional em geral e da anestesia regional intravenosa em particular, desde a introdução do garroteamento de membros e da descoberta e do aperfeiçoamento das agulhas de punção, das seringas e dos anestésicos locais. São descritos os detalhes técnicos inicialmente utilizados por Bier e os conceitos fisiopatológicos e clínicos por ele emitidos em princípios do século XX. Retrata a evolução inicial e das décadas seguintes da anestesia regional intravenosa, cita os pioneiros nacionais e internacionais no seu uso, explica as razões do seu estudo científico relativamente tardio, descreve as principais contribuições havidas até hoje para sua utilização eficiente e segura. Finalmente, narra o estado atual dos principais conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo do tempo, como mecanismo e local de ação do anestésico e da isquemia, uso de soluções anestésicas modernas, aperfeiçoamento da analgesia pós-operatória e do bloqueio motor, conceitos farmacocinéticos e fisiopatológicos e melhor interpretação das principais complicações possíveis. CONCLUSÕES: A anestesia regional intravenosa é técnica anestésica criada por A.K.G. Bier há exatamente 100 anos. Evoluiu pouco e lentamente na primeira metade do século XX e muito nos últimos anos, graças a numerosos desenvolvimentos técnicos, fisiopatológicos, farmacológicos, farmacocinéticos e clínicos, para o que a Anestesiologia brasileira deu grande contribuição. Completando neste ano de 2008 seu primeiro centenário, a anestesia regional intravenosa merece ter sua história conhecida e a data não pode passar despercebida e sim ser lembrada e comemorada.

Palavras-chave

ANESTESIA, Regional, ANESTESIOLOGIA

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intravenous regional block is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2008. Since this is a widely used technique, this milestone should be recorded, the date celebrated, Brazilian anesthesiologists should be remembered of its evolutive process, especially in the last 40 years, and we should pay homage to the individual who started it: August Karl Gustav Bier. CONTENTS: This report describes the beginning of locoregional anesthesia in general and regional intravenous block in particular, since the introduction of garroting of the extremities to the discovery and improvement of needles, syringes, and local anesthetics. The technical details used initially by Bier, and the pathophysiological and clinical concepts enounced by him at the beginning of the 20th Century are described. It describes the initial evolution and that of the following decades of intravenous regional block, lists national and international pioneers, explains the reasons for the relatively late scientific studies on the technique, and describes the main contributions that made it an effective and safe technique. Finally, it describes the current state of the main knowledge acquired over the years, such as the mechanism and site of action of the anesthetic and ischemia, the use of modern anesthetic solutions, improvement of postoperative analgesia and motor block, pharmacokinetic and pathophysiological concepts, and the best interpretation of possible complications. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous regional block is the anesthetic technique created by A. K. G. Bier exactly 100 years ago. In the first half of the 20th Century, it evolved little and slowly, but in the last several years, it has seen an accentuated improvement, thanks to countless technical, pathophysiological, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical developments, for which Brazilian Anesthesiology has contributed considerably. Since it is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2008, intravenous regional block deserves to have its story told, and the date should not go unnoticed, but should be remembered and celebrated.

Keywords

ANESTHESIA, Regional, ANESTHESIOLOGY

References

Castiglioni A. História da Medicina. 1947:402.

Reis Júnior A. O primeiro a utilizar anestesia em cirurgia não foi um dentista: Foi o médico Crawford Williamson Long. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2006;56:304-324.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia Regional Intravenosa. 1996.

Reis Júnior A. Dessangramento e Garroteamento de Membros com Finalidade Cirúrgica. 1998.

Hilgenhurst G. The Bier block after 80 years: a historical review. Reg Anesth. 1990;15:2-5.

Kirschner M. Tratado de Técnica Operatória General y Especial. 1940:363-369.

Rose W. Heinrich Braun's contribution to the development of local anaesthesia. Centennial Meeting of Regional Anaesthesia: 1884-1984. 1984.

Whitacre RJ, Dumitru AP. Development of anesthesia in Germany in the early years of the twentieth century. J Hist Med. 1946;1:618-634.

Winnie AP. The Early History of Regional Anaesthesia in the United States. Centennial Meeting of Regional Anaesthesia: 1884-1984. 1984:35-38.

Bruner JM. Safety factors in the use of the pneumatic tourniquet for hemostasis in surgery of the hand. J Bone Joint Surg (Am). 1951;33:221-224.

Bobbio A. História Sinóptica da Anestesia. 1969:66-83.

Parsloe C. Regional Anaesthesia in Latin America. Regional Anaesthesia: 1884-1984 - Centennial Meeting of Regional Anaesthesia. 1984:39-45.

Wawersik J. History of anesthesia in Germany. J Clin Anesth. 1991;3:235-244.

Fink BR. Leaves and needles: the introduction of surgical local anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1985;63:77-83.

Corning JL. Spinal anaesthesia and local medication of the cord. New Y Med J. 1885;42:483-485.

Nolte A. 100 years of regional anesthesia. Reg Anaesth. 1984;7:113-114.

Bier A. Ueber emen neuen weg lokalanästhesie an den gliedmaassen zu erzeugen. Arch Klin Chir. 1908;86:1007-1016.

Bier A. Ueber venenanästhesie. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1909;46:477-489.

Bier A. On local anaesthesia, with special reference to vein anaesthesia. Edin Med J. 1910;5:103-123.

Amaral ZA. Anestesia venosa. Impr Med S. Paulo. 1911;19:39-41.

Rosa OT. Da anesthesia endovenosa. :1-59.

Fournier V. Anesthésie locorégionale par voie veineuse: à propos de 138 observations. .

Mendonça J. Estado atual da anesthesia territorial. Brazil Med. 1919;33:52-70.

Morrison JT. Intravenous local anaesthesia. Br J Surg. 1931;18:641-647.

Reis Júnior A. Sobre a verdadeira autoria de procedimento técnico para anestesia regional intravenosa. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1981;31:430.

Holmes CMcK. Intravenous regional analgesia: a useful method of producing analgesia of the limbs. Lancet. 1963;1:245-247.

Holmes CMcK. Intravenous Regional Neural Blockade. Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. 1988:443-459.

Hannington-Kiff JG. Bier's block revisited: intercuff block. J R Soc Med. 1990;83:155-158.

Holmes CM. The history and development of intravenous regional anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1969:11-18.

Reis Júnior A. Corrigindo a correção. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1986;36:81-82.

Lenormant C. L'anesthésie régionale des membres par injection intraveineuse de novocaine. Presse Med. 1912;105:1066-1068.

Herreros LG. Regional anesthesia by the intravenous route (slight modification of Bier's method). Anesthesiology. 1946;7:558-560.

Marrón-Pena M, Aldrete JA, Wright AJ. Reintroduccion de la anestesia regional endovenosa por un mexicano. Rev Mex Anestesiol. 1985;8:175-180.

Reese CA. Intravenous regional conduction anesthesia: a technique and literature review - Part I. AANA J. 1981;49:357-373.

Mendonça J. Guia Pratico de Analgesia Territorial. 1932:93-95.

Mabilde LM. A anestesia regional dos membros por injeção intravenosa de novocaína. Med Cir (P. Alegre). 1951;13:75-89.

Pires FIK. Método de "Bier" para anestesia regional de membros. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1954;4:21-24.

Fortuna A. Experiência Clínica com o Método de Bier: 36 casos. 1954.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia Regional Intravenosa. 1996.

Bromage PH. Epidural Analgesia. 1978:119-159.

Cornaglia C, Danieli GG, Vernoni S. La nostra esperienza in tema di analgesia regionale per via endovenosa. Riv Pat Clin. 1963;18:764-770.

Reis Júnior A. Cinqüentenário da lidocaína. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1993;43:152.

Branco Júnior L, Battaglia OP, Gereto P. Analgesia regional endovenosa em intervenções sobre as regiões distais dos membros superiores. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1966;16:29-37.

Brito N. Anestesia regional intravenosa pela lidocaína: aspectos histológicos no sistema venoso: estudo clínico e experimental. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1969;19:558-561.

Castro AB. Anestesia venosa regional: experiência pessoal. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1971;21:181-187.

Fortuna A. Bloqueios anestésicos. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1963;13:227-262.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia venosa regional: origem e desenvolvimento introdução e utilização em nosso país. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1974;24:130-139.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia venosa regional: acidentes e complicações - revisão. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1974;24:289-308.

Reis Júnior A. Isquemia de membros por garroteamento. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1975;25:392-436.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia venosa regional: latência e analgesia pós-isquêmica estudo comparativo utilizando bupivacaína, etidocaína, lidocaína e prilocaína. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1975;25:558-570.

Reis Júnior A. Isquemia de membros por garroteamento: Aspectos especiais de seu uso em anestesia venosa regional. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1976;26:103-121.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia venosa regional e relaxamento muscular. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1979;29:493-510.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa: farmacocinética - concentrações sangüíneas de anestésicos locais. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1980;30:203-210.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa: local de ação do anestésico local. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1980;30:297-301.

Reis Júnior A, da Silva MP. Anestesia venosa regional: experiência do Serviço Médico de Anestesia de São Paulo (3.178 casos). Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1978;28:52-66.

Zerbinatti TV. Anestesia venosa regional: confecção simples do duplo manguito. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1972;22:238-240.

Brill S, Middleton W, Bril G. Bier's block: 100 years old and still going strog!. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:117-122.

Chilvers CR, Kinahan A, Veghadia H. Pharmacoeconomics of intravenous regional anaesthesia vs general anaesthesia for outpatient hand surgery. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44:1152-1156.

Mohr B. Safety and effectiveness of intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block) for outpatient management of forearm trauma. CJEM. 2006;8:247-250.

Nociti JR. Anestesia regional intravenosa (Bier): estado atual. Anestesia de A a Z. 2003;4:7-9.

Pickering AS, Hunter JB. Bier's block using prilocaine: safe, cheap and well tolerated. Surgeon. 2003;1:283-285.

Rodalà F, Vagnoni S, Ingletti S. An update on intravenous regional anaesthesia of the arm. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2003;7:131-138.

Henderson CL, Warriner CB, McEwen JA. A north american survey of intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:858-863.

Chong AK, Tan DM, Ooi BS. Comparison of forearm and conventional Bier's blocks for manipulation and reduction of distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg (Br). 2007;32:57-59.

Crystal Z, Barak M, Katz Y. Sequential supraclavicular brachial plexus block and intravenous regional anaesthesia for upper limb surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21:747-749.

Johnson CN. Intravenous regional anesthesia: new approaches to an old technique. CRNA. 2000;11:57-61.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia Regional Intravenosa. Texto Teorico-Practico de Anestesiologia. 1986:813-836.

Tham CH, Lim BH. A modification of the tecnique for intravenous regional blockade for hand surgery. J Hand Surg. 2000;25:575-577.

Tomaino MM, Ulizio D, Vogt MY. Carpal tunnel release and intravenous regional or local infiltration anaesthesia. J Hand Surg (Br). 2001;26B:67-68.

Blaheta HJ, Vollert B, Zuder D. Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier's block) for botulinum toxin therapy of palmar hyperhidrosis is safe and effective. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28:666-671.

Vollert B, Blaheta HJ, Moehrle E. Intravenous regional anaesthesia for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:632-633.

Taskayanatan M, Ozgul A, Tan AK. Bier block with methylprednisolone and lidocaine in CRPS type I: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:4.

Moradkhan R, McQuillan P, Hogeman CS. Metabolic forearm vasodilation is enhanced following Bier block with phentolamine. Am J Heart Care Physiol. 2007;3:325-329.

Lee F, Shoemaber JK, McQuillan PM. Effects of forearm bier block with bretylium on the hemodynamic and metabolic responses to handgrip. J Physiol Heart Care Physiol. 2000;279:H586-593.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia Regional Intravenosa. Tratado de Anestesiologia. 2006:1295-1315.

Mabee J, Orlinsky M. Bier block exsanguination: a volumetria comparison and venous pressure study. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:105-113.

Haas LM, Landeen FH. Improved intravenous regional anesthesia for surgery of the hand, wrist and forearm: The second wrap technique. J Hand Surg. 1978;3:194-195.

Rawal N, Hallen J, Amilon A. Improvement in i.v. regional anaesthesia by re-exsanguination before surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1993;70:280-285.

Golder M, Chan CLH, O'Shea S. Potencial risk of cross-infection during peripheral-venous access by contamination of tourniquets. Lancet. 2000;355:44.

Coleman MM, Peng PhW, Regan JM. Quantitative comparison of leakage under the tourniquet in forearm versus conventional intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:1482-1486.

Hoffmann AC, Van Gessel E, Gamulin Z. Quantitative evaluation of tourniquet leak during i. v. regional anaesthesia of the upper and lower limbs in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75:269-273.

Finsen V, Kasseth AM. Tourniquets in forefoot surgery: less pain when placed at the ankle (lower limb). J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1997;79:99-101.

Estebe J-P, Le Maoures A, Chemaly L. Tourniquet pain in volunteer study: effect of changes in cuff width and pressure. Anaesthesia. 2000;55:21-26.

Belzarena SD. Mistura eutética de anestésico local na prevenção da dor produzida pelo garrote usado em anestesia regional intravenosa. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1997;47:231-236.

Reis Júnior A. Tourniquet use and intra-operative hypothermia. Anesth Analg. 1989;69:549-550.

Reis Júnior A. Esophageal temperature and use of tourniquet in the lower limb. Braz J Anesthesiol Int Issue. 1990;1:7-10.

Reis Júnior A. Esophageal temperature and limb tourniquet: A search for modifying factors. Braz J Anesthesiol Int Issue. 1991;2:59-64.

Bloch EC. Hyperthermia resulting from tourniquet application in children. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1986;68:193-194.

Bloch EC, Ginsberg B, Binner Jr RA. Limb tourniquets and central temperature in anesthetized children. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:486-489.

Goodarzi M, Shivier NH, Grogan DP. Does sympathetic blockade prevent the physiologic changes associated with tourniquet use in children?. J Pediatr Orthop. 1997;17:289-292.

Reis Júnior A, Linde H. Temperatura corpórea central durante e após garroteamento de membros inferiores em crianças. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1999;49:27-34.

Lavin PA, Henderson CL, Vaghadia H. Non-alkalinized and alkalinized 2-chloroprocaine vs lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia during outpatient hand surgery. Can J Anesth. 1999;46:939-945.

Prieto-Alvarez P, Calas-Guerra A, Fuentes-Bellido J. Comparison of mepivacaine and lidocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia: pharmacokinetic study and clinical correlation. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:516-519.

Knudsen K, Suurküla BS, Blomberg S. Central nervous and cardiovascular effects of i. v. infusions of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and placebo in volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:507-514.

Atanassoff PG, Ocampo CA, Bande MC. Ropivacaine 0,2% and lidocaine 0,5% for intravenous regional anesthesia in outpatient surgery. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:627-631.

Chan VWS, Weisbrod MJ, Kaszas A. Comparison of ropivacaine and lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1602-1608.

Hartmannsgruber MWB, Silverman DG, Halaszynski TM. Comparison of ropivacaine 0,2% and lidocaine 0,5% for intravenous regional anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:727-731.

Peng PW, Coleman MM, McCartney . Comparison of anesthetic effect between 0,375% ropivacaine versus 0,5% lidocaine in forearm intravenous regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002;27:595-599.

Coleman MM, Chan VWS. Meperidine in forearm intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:1329.

Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Lurie SD. Is there a place for meperidine in intravenous regional anesthesia?. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:1215-1216.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa e associação de anestésicos locais. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1990;40:377.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa com etidocaína para cirurgia de punho: Influência de concentração, volume e dose nos resultados anestésicos e analgésicos pós-operatórios. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1980;30:339-344.

Reis Júnior A, Barbosa I, Biaggioni AC. Anestesia regional intravenosa de membro superior com lidocaína: Tempo de latência por regiões. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1983;33:71-79.

Niemi TT, Neuvonen PJ, Rosenberg PH. Comparison of ropivacaine 2 mg ml-1 and prilocaine 5 mg ml-1 for intravenous regional anaesthesia in outpatient surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:640-644.

Acalovschi I, Cristea I, Margarit S. Tramandol added to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:209-214.

Ahmed SU, Vallejo R, Hord ED. Seizures after a Bier block with clonidine and lidocaine. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:923-924.

Belzarena SD. Anestesia regional intravenosa com associação de lidocaína-tenoxicam em cirurgia ortopédica de membro superior. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1995;45:89-94.

Choyce A, Peng PH. A systematic review of adjuncts for intravenous regional anesthesia for surgery procedures. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49:32-45.

Corpataux JB, Van Gessel EF, Donald FA. Effect on postoperative analgesia of small-dose lysine acetylsalicylate added to prilocaine during intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:1081-1085.

Gorgias NK, Maidatsi PG, Kyriakidis AM. Clonidine versus ketamine to prevent tourniquet pain during intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:512-517.

Hoffmann V, Vercauteren M, Van Steenberge A. Intravenous regional anesthesia: Evaluation of 4 different additives to prilocaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1997;48:71-76.

Jones NC, Pugh SC. The addition of tenoxicam to prilocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:446-448.

Jonhson CN. Intravenous regional anesthesia: new approach to an old tecnique. CRNA. 2000;11:57-61.

Lurie SD, Reuben CS, Gibson CS. Effect of clonidine on upper extremity tourniquet pain in healthy volunteers. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:502-505.

Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Klatt JL. Intravenous regional anesthesia using lidocaine and clonidine. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:654-658.

Reuben SS, Steimberg RB, Maciolek H. An evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine and ketorolac using a forearm versus upper arm tourniquet. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:457-460.

Romsing J, Moiniche S, Ortergaard D. Local infiltration with NSAIDs for postoperative analgesia: evidence for a peripheral analgesic action. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44:672-683.

Samkaoui MA, Bouaggad A, al Harrar R. Addition of clonidine to 0,5% lidocaine for intravenous locoregional anesthesia. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2001;20:255-259.

Sem S, Ugur B, Aydin ON. The analgesic effect of nitroglycerin added to lidocaine on intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:916-920.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa e pressão venosa regional. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1989;39:301-307.

Mabee JR, Shean C, Orlinsky M. The effects of simulated Bier block IVRA on intracompartimental tissue pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41:208-213.

Niemi TT, Kuitunen AH, Vahtera EM. Haemostatic changes caused by i.v. regional anaesthesia with lidocaine. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76:822-828.

Lam A. Cerebral blood flow and tourniquet release. Anaesthesia Intensive Care. 2000;28:111.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa de membro superior e relaxamento muscular: estudo ergométrico. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1982;32:339-348.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa: inclusão de bloqueador neuromuscular nas soluções anestésicas. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1991;41:143.

Sztark F, Thicoipé M, Favarel-Garrigues F. The use of 0,25% lidocaine with fentanyl and pancuronium for intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:777-779.

Torrance JM, Lewer BM, Galletly DC. Low-dose mivacurium supplementation of prilocaine i.v. regional anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:222-223.

Raj PP, Garcia CE, Burleson JW. The site of action of intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1972;51:776-786.

Risdall JE, Young PC, Jones DA. A comparison of intercuff and single cuff techniques of intravenous regional anaesthesia using 0,5% prilocaine mixed with technetium 99m-labeled BRIDA. Anaesthesia. 1997;52:842-848.

Rosenberg PH, Heavner JE. Multiple and complementary mechanisms produce analgesia during intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1985;62:840.

Rosenberg PH. Intravenous regional anesthesia: nerve block by multiple mechanisms. Reg Anesth. 1993;18:1-5.

Saitto C, Cristina GR. I tronchi nervosi di maggior calibro non costituiscono il sito dázione primario dell'anestesia regionale intravenosa. Minerva Anestesiol. 1993;59:39-40.

Hallén J, Rawal N, Hartvig P. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of C11-lidocaine following intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) using positron emission tomography (PET). Reg Anesth. 1991;15:17.

Simon MAM, Gielent MJM, Vree TB. Disposition of lidocaine for intravenous regional anaesthesia during day-case surgery. Europ J Anaesthesiol. 1998;15:32-37.

Sukhani R, Garcia CJ, Munhall RJ. Lidocaine disposition following intravenous regional anesthesia with different tourniquet deflation technics. Anesth Analg. 1989;68:633-637.

Tucker GT, Boas RA. Pharmacokinetic aspects of intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1971;34:538-549.

Kalman S, Bjorhn KC, Tholen EK. Mepivacaine as a intravenous regional block interferes with reactive hyperemia and decreases steady-state blood flow. Reg Anesth. 1997;22:552-556.

Reis Júnior A. Anestesia regional intravenosa para correção cirúrgica de hallux valgus bilateral e analgesia pós-operatória: estudo comparativo com lidocaína, bupivacaína e prilocaína. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1981;31:289-295.

Espiridião Jr W, Hypólito OHM, Pires OC. Anestesia regional venosa: estudo comparativo entre lidocaína e ropivacaína em cirurgias ortopédicas do membro superior. São Paulo Med J. 2006;124(^sSuppl):29.

Arditis J, Tsacona H, Giala M. Accidental administration of adrenaline during i.v. regional anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1984;56:923-924.

Dominguez E. Distressing upper extremity phanton limb sensation during intravenous regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. ;2001:26.

Kajimoto Y, Rosenberg ME, Kytta J. Anaphylactoid skin reactions after intravenous regional anaesthesia using 0,5% prilocaine with or without preservative: a double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995;39:782-784.

Laborde Y, Gimenez V, Besset-Lahmann J. Une complication rare de l'anesthésie locorégionale endoveineuse: la phlébite humérale. Presse Med. 1989;18:1527.

Luce EA, Mangubat E. Loss of hand and forearm following Bier block: a case report. J Hand Surg (Am). 1983;8:280-283.

Mabee JR, Bostwick TL, Burke MK. Iatrogenic compartment syndrome from hypertonic saline injection in Bier block. J Emerg Med. 1994;12:473-476.

Maletis GB, Watson RC, Scott S. Compartment syndrome complication of intravenous regional anesthesia in the reduction of lower leg shaft fractures. Orthopedics. 1989;12:841-846.

Ortenzi AV, Zollner RL, Dadalt Filho LG. Reação urticariforme em anestesia de Bier: relato de caso. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1993;43(^s17):122.

Rosenberg PH, Kajimoto Y, Kytta J. Non-IgE-mediated anaphylactoid skin reactions after intravenous regional anesthesia with prilocaine. .

Atanassoff PG, Hartmannsgruber MW. Central nervous system side effects are less important after iv regional anesthesia with ropivacaine 0,2% compared to lidocaine 0,5% in volunteers. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49:169-172.

Reis Júnior A. Garroteamento de Membros: Lesões. SAESP em Revista - Sociedade de Anestesiologia do Estado de São Paulo. 2006;4:18-19.

Heath ML. Deaths after intravenous regional anaesthesia. Br Med J. 1982;25:913-914.

Brown EM, McGriff JT, Malinowski RW. Intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier block): review of 20 years experience. Can J Anaesth. 1999;36:307-310.

Anestesia regional intravenosa primeiro centenário (1908-2008): Início, desenvolvimento e estado atual

Intravenous regional anesthesia first century (1908-2008): Beggining, development, and current status

Almiro dos Reis Jr

Resumo

Palavras-chave

Abstract

Keywords

References

Links

Share

Braz J Anesthesiol