Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942006000600012
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Review Article

Anestesia e apnéia obstrutiva do sono

Anesthesia and obstructive sleep apnea

Charles Machado; Américo Massafuni Yamashita; Sonia Maria Guimarães Pereira Togeiro; Dalva Poyares; Sérgio Tufik

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942006000600012 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.56, n6, p.669-678, 2006
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A manutenção da permeabilidade das vias aéreas superiores (VAS) é fundamental para anestesia e para pacientes com apnéia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). Durante ambos os estados ocorre uma redução do tônus da musculatura faríngea. Identificar pacientes com AOS é importante a fim de prevenir riscos durante o período perioperatório. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma revisão sobre a relação entre AOS e anestesia, levando em conta o planejamento da anestesia, enfatizando a importância da identificação da síndrome da apnéia e hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS). CONTEÚDO: A SAHOS ocorre principalmente por colapso total ou parcial da faringe, podendo levar a diminuição na saturação da oxiemoglobina e complicações cardiovasculares. Os principais fatores predisponentes são sexo masculino, obesidade, características crânio e orofaciais. Seu diagnóstico é clínico e polissonográfico, o que também quantifica a gravidade da AOS. Os pacientes com SAHOS especialmente acentuada podem apresentar problemas durante a intubação traqueal e sedação, estando alguns mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de hipóxia e hipercapnia, mesmo na vigência de pulmões normais. Os autores discutem a importância do diagnóstico prévio e tratamento da SAHOS na tentativa de reduzir o risco anestésico. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico e tratamento prévio da SAHOS com pressão positiva contínua nas VAS podem reduzir complicações perioperatórias e influenciar na conduta anestésica e na recuperação pós-anestésica.

Palavras-chave

DOENÇAS, Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono, VENTILAÇÃO, pressão positiva contínua

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Maintaining the patency of the upper airways is fundamental to anesthesia and patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). During anesthesia and while a person is sleeping, the tonus of the pharyngeal muscles is reduced. It is important to identify patients with OSA to prevent risks in the perioperative period. The objective of this report was to present a revision of the relationship between OSA and anesthesia regarding planning of anesthesia, stressing the importance of identifying the obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). CONTENTS: OSAHS is caused mainly by total or partial pharyngeal collapse, which may cause a reduction in hemoglobin saturation and cardiovascular complications. The main predisposing factors include male gender, obesity, and cranial and orofacial characteristics. It is diagnosis by its clinical and polysomnographic characteristics, which also determine its severity. Patients with severe OSAHS may present problems during tracheal intubation and sedation, and may be more susceptible to hypoxia and hypercapnia, even in the presence of normal lungs. The authors discuss the importance of diagnosing and treating OSAHS before surgeries in order to reduce the anesthetic risk. CONCLUSION: Prior diagnosis and treatment of OSAHS with continuous positive pressure in the upper airways may reduce perioperative complications and influence the anesthetic and postanesthetic management.

Keywords

DISEASES, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, VENTILATION, continuous positive airway pressure

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