Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942005000200008
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Clinical Information

Uso de dexmedetomidina em anestesia geral para tratamento cirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral, em paciente gestante, portadora de doença hipertensiva específica da gestação: relato de caso

Dexmedetomidine in general anesthesia for surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysm in pregnant patient with specific hypertensive disease of pregnancy: case report

Kleber Machareth de Souza; Luiz César Anzoategui; Washington Cássio Justino Pedroso; Werner Alfred Gemperli

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942005000200008 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.55, n2, p.212-216, 2005
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A incidência de cirurgias não obstétricas em pacientes gestantes é de 0,36% a 2%. No entanto, cirurgias visando o tratamento cirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral em gestantes são extremamente raras. A doença hipertensiva específica da gestação, apresenta prevalência clínica de 10% na população gestante. Trata-se de uma doença de elevada complexidade clínica, acometendo múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. A dexmedetomidina, fármaco agonista alfa2, apresenta importante seletividade para estes receptores, quando utilizada em doses clínicas terapêuticas e promove adequada estabilidade hemodinâmica, se empregada no período peri-operatório. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar uma técnica com a qual fosse possível a manutenção da homeostase materna, preservando ao máximo o fluxo sangüíneo útero-placentário e a vitalidade fetal, sem deixar de lado aspectos fundamentais relativos à otimização da relação oferta/demanda de oxigênio cerebral e adequação das condições do tecido cerebral propícias ao manuseio cirúrgico. RELATO DO CASO: Gestante com 19 anos encaminhada para tratamento cirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral, estando na vigésima sétima semana de gestação. No pré-operatório, apresentava-se consciente, orientada, com presença de déficit à esquerda e quadro clínico compatível com toxemia gravídica. Foi administrada dexmedetomidina (1 µg.kg-1) em 20 minutos, seguida de indução anestésica com propofol (2,5 mg.kg-1), fentanil (7,5 µg.kg-1), lidocaína (1 mg.kg-1) e rocurônio (2 mg.kg-1) em seqüência rápida. A manutenção da anestesia foi obtida com propofol (50 µg.kg-1.min-1), alfentanil (1 µg.kg-1.min-1) e dexmedetomidina (0,7 µg.kg-1.min-1). A cirurgia foi realizada sem qualquer intercorrência, não havendo seqüela neurológica subjacente. CONCLUSÕES: Neste caso o uso da dexmedetomidina tornou possível um adequado manuseio hemodinâmico, mantendo otimizado o fluxo sangüíneo útero-placentário e a vitalidade fetal. Ressaltam-se, ainda, as condições adequadas de manuseio cirúrgico do tecido cerebral, assim como a ausência de influência na morbidade após o procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico.

Palavras-chave

ANESTESIA, CIRURGIA, CIRURGIA, DOENÇAS, DROGAS

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of non-obstetrical surgeries in pregnant patients is about 0.36% to 2%. However, surgeries aiming at surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysm in pregnant women are extremely rare. Specific hypertensive disease of pregnancy, shows clinical prevalence of 10%. It is a disease with high clinical complexity compromising multiple organs and systems. Dexmedetomidine, alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist drug, in therapeutic clinical doses has major selectivity for these receptors and promotes suitable hemodynamic stability if used in the preoperative period. The purpose of this report was to present an anesthetic technique able to provide adequate maintenance of maternal homeostasis, preserving to the highest level uterus-placental blood flow and fetal vitality, without neglecting fundamental aspects regarding the optimization of brain oxygen supply/demand ratio and favorable brain tissue conditions for surgical management. CASE REPORT: Pregnant patient, 19 years old, 27 weeks of gestation, was referred to the operating room for surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysm. In the preoperative period she was conscious, oriented, eupneic but with left side motor deficit and clinical signs compatible with toxemia of pregnancy. Dexmedetomidine (1 µg.kg-1.h-1) was administered in 20 minutes, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol (2.5 mg.kg-1), fentanyl (7.5 µg.kg-1), lidocaine (1 mg.kg-1) and rocuronium (1.2 mg.kg-1) in rapid sequence. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol (50 µg.kg-1.min-1), alfentanil (1 µg.kg-1.min-1) and dexmedetomi- dine (0.7 µg.kg-1.h-1). Surgical procedure went on with no complications, including brain sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: This case report has shown that dexmedetomidine made possible the handling of hemodynamic responses, keeping optimized uterus-placental blood flow and fetal vitality. Adequate conditions of surgical brain tissue manipulation and the absence of influence in postoperative morbidity are also emphasized.

Keywords

ANESTHESIA, DISEASES, DRUGS, SURGERY, SURGERY

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