Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942005000100014
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Special Article

Anestesia para o recém-nascido submetido a cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea

Anesthesia for the newborn submitted to cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Sérgio Bernardo Tenório; Débora O Cumino; Daniela B G Gomes

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942005000100014 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.55, n1, p.118-134, 2005
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As doenças congênitas do coração atingem 0,8% dos recém-nascidos (RN) vivos, sendo que muitos necessitam de correção cirúrgica ainda no período neonatal. A cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea (CEC), nesta faixa etária, associa-se a maior incidência de complicações, devido à imaturidade funcional da criança, à falta de equipamentos de CEC que sejam totalmente compatíveis com as dimensões do RN e às dificuldades técnicas para correção da lesão cardíaca. Este artigo tem o propósito de apresentar os aspectos relacionados à técnica anestésica, a CEC e seus efeitos em RN. CONTEÚDO: Elevadas doses de fentanil ou sufentanil provêm adequada anestesia sem interferir na estabilidade cardiocirculatória. A depressão respiratória residual dos opióides não é problema neste grupo de pacientes porque a maioria necessita assistência respiratória no pós-operatório imediato. A entrada em CEC pode ser acompanhada de hipotensão arterial por manipulação do coração e/ou sangramento. O posicionamento inadequado das cânulas venosas e aórtica pode causar sérias complicações, como insuficiente fluxo encefálico ou dificuldade na drenagem venosa. São comuns a utilização de hipotermia profunda e a parada circulatória total durante a CEC. A hipotermia modifica a viscosidade do sangue que é tratada com hemodiluição e traz implicações para a correção do pH (alfa-stat versus pH stat). No desmame da CEC é freqüente ocorrer baixo débito cardíaco e ajustes em um ou em todos os seus componentes ( pré-carga, contratilidade, pós-carga e freqüência cardíaca) podem ser necessários. Além das drogas clássicas, como a adrenalina e a dopamina, pode ser necessário o emprego de outras substâncias como a aprotinina, o óxido nítrico ou os inibidores da fosfodiesterase. CONCLUSÕES: O anestesiologista tem papel preponderante no ajuste da homeostasia durante o período peri-operatório. Conhecimentos sobre o tipo de lesão cardíaca, a correção a ser realizada, a resposta do organismo a CEC podem ser úteis no manuseio destas crianças.

Palavras-chave

CIRURGIA, Cardíaca, CIRURGIA, Cardíaca

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital heart diseases affect 0.8% of liveborn infants and many need neonatal surgical correction. Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in this age is associated to higher risk of complications related to child's functional immaturity, lack of CPB equipment fully compatible with neonate (NN) size and technical difficulties to correct cardiac defects. This article aimed at describing aspects related to anesthetic technique, CPB and their effects on NN. CONTENTS: High fentanyl or sufentanil doses promote adequate anesthesia without interfering with cardiocirculatory stability. Opioids residual respiratory depression is not a problem for these patients because most of them will need immediate postoperative respiratory assistance. CPB may be followed by heart manipulation-induced hypotension and/or bleeding. Inadequate venous and aortic cannula position may lead to severe complications, such as insufficient brain flow or difficult venous drainage. Deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest are common during CPB. Hypothermia changes blood viscosity, which is treated with hemodilution and has implications on pH correction (alpha-stat versus pH stat). Low cardiac output is common during CPB weaning and adjustments in one or all its components (preload, contractility, afterload and heart rate) may be necessary. In addition to classic drugs, such as epinephrine and dopamine, other substances may be needed, such as aprotinin, nitric oxide or phosphodiesterase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesiologists play a major role in adjusting perioperative homeostasis. Understanding the type of cardiac disease, the correction to be performed and body response to CPB may be useful for the management of those children.

Keywords

SURGERY, Cardiac, SURGERY, Cardiac

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