Ansiedade, a criança e os pais

Eduardo Toshiyuki Moro; Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942004000500015

Review Article

Ansiedade, a criança e os pais

Children, parents and anxiety

Eduardo Toshiyuki Moro; Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942004000500015 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.54, n5, p.728-738, 2004

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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A ansiedade pré-operatória na criança é caracterizada por tensão, apreensão, nervosismo e preocupação e pode ser expressa de diversas formas. Alterações de comportamento no pós-operatório como enurese noturna, distúrbios alimentares, apatia, insônia, pesadelos e sono agitado podem ser resultado desta ansiedade. Em algumas crianças, estas alterações persistem por até um ano. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os aspectos envolvidos com a ansiedade que afeta a criança e os pais durante o período que antecede a cirurgia, bem como as intervenções, farmacológicas ou não, para reduzi-la. CONTEÚDO: O artigo aborda a ligação entre a ansiedade pré-operatória em crianças e as alterações de comportamento que podem ocorrer no período pós-operatório, bem como a influência de variáveis como idade, temperamento, experiência hospitalar prévia e dor. Medidas para reduzir a ansiedade pré-operatória na criança como a presença dos pais durante a indução da anestesia ou programas de informação e a utilização de medicação pré-anestésica também são revisadas. CONCLUSÕES: O período que antecede a cirurgia acompanha-se de grande carga emocional para toda família, sobretudo para a criança. Um pré-operatório turbulento significa, para muitas crianças, alterações de comportamento que se manifestam de forma variada e por períodos prolongados em algumas vezes. A presença dos pais durante a indução da anestesia e programas de preparação pré-operatórios para a criança e para os pais podem ser úteis para casos selecionados, levando em conta a idade, temperamento e experiência hospitalar prévia. A medicação pré-anestésica com benzodiazepínicos, em especial o midazolam, é claramente o método mais eficaz para redução da ansiedade pré-operatória em crianças e das alterações de comportamento por ela induzidas.

Palavras-chave

ANESTESIA, AVALIAÇÃO PRÉ-OPERATÓRIA, MEDICAÇÃO PRÉ-ANESTÉSICA

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Preoperative pediatric anxiety is characterized by stress, worry, nervosism and concern and may be expressed in different ways. Postoperative behavior changes, such as nocturnal enuresis, dietary problems, apathy, insomnia, nightmares and agitated sleep may be results of this anxiety. In some children, these changes persist for one year. This study aimed at evaluating anxiety-related aspects affecting children and parents in the preoperative period, as well as pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions to minimize them. CONTENTS: The relationship between preoperative anxiety in children and postoperative behavior changes, as well as the influence of variables such as age, temperament, previous hospital experience and pain are discussed. Approaches to decrease childrens preoperative anxiety, such as the presence of parents during anesthetic induction or information programs and preanesthetic medication are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative period is accompanied of an emotional overload for the whole family, especially the child. For many children, a turbulent preoperative period may translate into several behavior changes lasting for long periods of time. The presence of parents during anesthetic induction and the preoperative preparation of children and parents may be useful for selected cases, taking into account age, temperament and previous hospital experience. Preanesthetic medication with benzodiazepines, especially midazolam, is clearly the most effective method to decrease postoperative anxiety in children and their related behavior changes.

Keywords

ANESTHESIA, PRE-ANESTHETIC MEDICATION, PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION

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Ansiedade, a criança e os pais

Children, parents and anxiety

Eduardo Toshiyuki Moro; Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo

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