Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942004000400012
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Miscellaneous

Bloqueio "3 em 1" por via anterior: bloqueio parcial, completo ou superdimensionado? Correlação entre anatomia, clínica e radio imagens

Anterior "3-in-1" blockade: partial, total or overdimensioned block? Correlation between anatomy, clinic and radio images

Karl Otto Geier

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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O clássico bloqueio "3 em 1" por via anterior tem suscitado divergências quanto ao envolvimento anestésico de seus três nervos participantes, o femoral, o cutâneo lateral da coxa e o obturador. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o desfecho do bloqueio "3 em 1" por via anterior, através das técnicas: injeção única (G1), cateteres curtos (G2) e cateteres longos (G3). Os bloqueios "3 em 1", clinicamente identificados como completos ou superdimensionados foram, adicionalmente, investigados por meio de rádio imagem. MÉTODO: A identificação do espaço subfascial ilíaco nos bloqueios "3 em 1" com injeção única ou com cateteres foi feita pela perda de resistência ao ar. Em vários eventos dolorosos, o volume anestésico administrado variou entre 30 e 40 ml e a introdução cranial dos cateteres foi até 18 cm no espaço subfascial ilíaco. Quando a pesquisa clínica apontava envolvimento do nervo obturador ou de outro nervo adicional ao bloqueio "3 em 1", complementava-se a investigação com estudo radiográfico e tomodensiométrico com o propósito de estabelecer correspondência com a anatomia pélvica. RESULTADOS: O envolvimento dos nervos fêmoro cutâneo lateral e obturador não foram constantes, ao contrário do nervo femoral. No estudo, nenhum bloqueio "3 em 1" completo com injeção única (G1) se manifestou, e sim um bloqueio "2 em 1", com a participação eventual do ramo femoral do nervo genitofemoral (bloqueio "2,5 em 1"). Contudo, quando foram utilizados cateteres curtos (G2), obteve-se bloqueio "3 em 1" em apenas um paciente, ao passo que com cateteres longos (G3) introduzidos no sentido cefálico até 18 cm no espaço subfascial ilíaco, três bloqueios "3 em 1" superdimensionados foram registrados, pelo envolvimento adicional dos nervos fibular comum em dois pacientes e o nervo tibial em um paciente. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da pequena amostra, com injeção única (G1), sempre se obteve um bloqueio "2 em 1" ou "2,5 em 1", sem a participação do nervo obturador. Com cateter curto (G2), o bloqueio "3 em 1" foi classificado como completo em 6,6% dos casos (um paciente). Porém, com cateter longo (G3), o resultado tende a ser mais previsível em relação aos outros grupos, especialmente quando o cateter alcança o espaço paravertebral lombossacral, resultando num bloqueio "3 em 1" completo em 20% dos casos (três pacientes) ou, raramente, num bloqueio "3 em 1" superdimensionado em 13,2% dos casos (dois pacientes).

Palavras-chave

TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Classic anterior 3-in-1 blockade has been questioned as to the anesthetic involvement of its three participant nerves: femoral, lateral cutaneous of thigh and obturator. This study aimed at evaluating the outcome of anterior 3-in-1 blockade through: single injection (G1), short catheters (G2) and long catheters (G3). 3-in-1 blockades identified as total or overdimensioned were additionally investigated by radio images. METHODS: The identification of iliac subfascial space in 3-in-1 blockades with single injection or catheters has been made by loss of resistance to air. In several painful events, anesthetic volume has varied 30 to 40 mL and cranial catheters introduction was up to 18 cm in the iliac subfascial space. When clinical research would point to the involvement of the obturator nerve or other nerve additional to 3-in-1 blockade, investigation was complemented by radiographic or TC-Scan studies aiming at establishing correspondence with pelvic anatomy. RESULTS: The involvement of lateral cutaneous of thigh and obturator nerves has not been constant, as opposed to the femoral nerve. No total 3-in-1 blockade with single injection (G1) was observed in our study, but rather 2-in-1, with eventual participation of the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve (2.5-in-1 blockade). However, when short catheters were used (G2), there has been 3-in-1 blockade in just one patient, while with long catheters (G3) introduced in the cephalad direction until 18 cm in the iliac subfascial space, three overdimensioned 3-in-1 blockades were recorded, with the additional involvement of common fibular nerve in two patients and tibial nerve in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the small sample size, single injection (G1) has always provided 2-in-1 or 2.5-in-1 blockade without the participation of the obturator nerve. With short catheters (G2) 3-in-1 blockade was classified as total in 6.6% of cases (one patient). With long catheters (G3), however, results seem to be more predictable as compared to the other groups, especially when the catheter reaches the lumbosacral paravertebral space, resulting in total 3-in-1 blockade in 20% of cases (3 patients) or more uncommonly, in overdimensioned 3-in-1 blockade in 13.2% of cases (2 patients).

Keywords

ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES

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