Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942004000200004
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Scientific Article

Análise do comportamento do hemometabolismo cerebral durante endarterectomia carotídea com pinçamento transitório

Analysis of brain hemometabolism behavior during carotid endarterectomy with temporary clamping

Gastão Fernandes Duval Neto; Augusto H. Niencheski

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942004000200004 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.54, n2, p.162-177, 2004
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A endarterectomia carotídea com pinçamento transitório altera a relação entre o fluxo sangüíneo cerebral e a demanda metabólica cerebral de oxigênio, com conseqüente geração de uma tendência a hipóxia oliguêmica ou desacoplamento hemometabólico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as alterações do hemometabolismo cerebral, avaliados através das alterações da saturação da oxihemoglobina no bulbo da veia jugular interna (SjO2), durante endarterectomia carotídea com pinçamento, correlacionando essas alterações com fatores com potencialidade de interferir com as mesmas, principalmente a pressão de CO2 expirada (P ET CO2) e a pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC). MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 16 pacientes com doença estenosante unilateral e submetidos a pinçamento arterial transitório durante endarterectomia carotídea. Os parâmetros monitorizados (saturação da oxihemoglobina no bulbo da veia jugular interna, stump pressure e a pressão de CO2 expirado) foram analisados nos seguintes momentos: M1 - pré-pinçamento; M2 - 3 minutos pós-pinçamento; M3 - pré- despinçamento; M4 - pós-despinçamento. RESULTADOS: A comparação entre a SjO2 (%, Média ± DP) nos períodos estudados evidenciou uma diferença entre a registrada nos momentos M1 (52,25 ± 7,87) e M2 (47,43 ± 9,19). Essa redução inicial estabilizou-se durante o pinçamento transitório, com diminuição na comparação entre M2 e M3 (46,56 ± 9,25), sem significado estatístico (p = ns). Na fase pós-despinçamento, M4 (47,68 ± 9,12), a média da SjO2 apresentou uma elevação, quando comparada com os momentos de pinçamento M2 e M3, ainda inferior ao momento pré-pinçamento M1 (M4 x M1 - p < 0,04). Essa diminuição da SjO2 foi acompanhada de diminuição significante da pressão de perfusão cerebral (stump pressure). Os fatores que influenciam essa tendência ao desacoplamento hemometabólico cerebral apresentaram um forte índice de correlação com a P ET CO2. A comparação entre a PPC e a SjO2 apresentou um fraco índice de correlação, sem significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições deste estudo a aferição da SjO2 é um modo de monitorização clínico efetivo e de rápida resposta na evidenciação das alterações da relação FSC/CCO2; o pinçamento carotídeo transitório implica em tendência ao desacoplamento hemometabólico cerebral e conseqüentemente, hipóxia oliguêmica; a PPC de forma isolada, não avalia a situação hemometabólica cerebral (relação entre FSC e o CCO2); a hipocapnia pode levar a situações de desacoplamento hemometabólico; a monitorização da P ET CO2 é forma inócua e eficiente de monitorizar a PaCO2, evitando situações de hipocapnia inadvertidas, com seus efeitos deletérios sobre a relação FSC/CCO2, durante pinçamento carotídeo transitório.

Palavras-chave

CIRURGIA, CIRURGIA, MONITORIZAÇÃO, MONITORIZAÇÃO

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carotid endarterectomy with temporary clamping changes cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic oxygen demand ratio with consequent oligemic hypoxia or hemometabolic uncoupling. This study aimed at identifying changes in brain hemometabolism, evaluated through changes in oxyhemoglobin saturation in internal jugular vein bulb (SvjO2) during carotid endarterectomy with clamping, and at correlating these changes with potentially interfering factors, mainly end tidal CO2 pressure (P ET CO2) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). METHODS: Sixteen patients with unilateral carotid stenotic disease scheduled to carotid endarterectomy with carotid arterial clamping were enrolled in this study. Parameters including internal jugular bulb oxyhemoglobin saturation, stump pressure and end tidal CO2 pressure were measured at the following moments: M1 - pre-clamping; M2 - 3 minutes after clamping; M3 - pre-unclamping; M4 - post-unclamping). RESULTS: The comparison among SvjO2 (%, mean ± SD) in all studied periods has shown differences between those recorded in moments M1 (52.25 ± 7.87) and M2 (47.43 ± 9.19). This initial decrease stabilized during temporary clamping, showing decrease in the comparison between M2 and M3 (46.56 ± 9.25), without statistical significance (p = ns). At post-unclamping, M4 (47.68 ± 9.12), SvjO2 was increased as compared to M2 and M3 clamping stages, however it was still lower than that of pre-clamping stage M1.(M4 x M1 - p < 0.04) This SvjO2 decrease was followed by significant cerebral perfusion pressure (stump pressure) decrease. Factors influencing this brain hemometabolic uncoupling trend were correlated to P ET CO2. The comparison between CPP and SvjO2 showed weak correlation devoid of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: In the conditions of our study, SvjO2 measurement is a fast and effective way of clinically monitoring changes in CBF/CMRO2 ratio. Temporary carotid clamping implies in a trend towards brain hemometabolic uncoupling and, as a consequence, to oligemic ischemia; cerebral perfusion pressure does not assesses brain hemometabolic status (CBF and CMRO2 ratio); hypocapnia, may lead to brain hemometabolic uncoupling; P ET CO2 monitoring is an innocuous and efficient way to indirectly monitor PaCO2 preventing inadvertent hypocapnia and its deleterious effects on CBF/CMRO2 ratio during temporary carotid clamping.

Keywords

MONITORING, MONITORING, SURGERY, SURGERY

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