Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942003000400007
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Clinical Information

Hiperreflexia autonômica em gestante tetraplégica: relato de caso

Autonomic hyperreflexia in tetraplegic pregnant patient: case report

Ricardo Francisco Simoni; Marcello Roberto Leite; Renata Fófano; Marcelo Giancoli; Luiz Marciano Cangiani

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942003000400007 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.53, n4, p.481-488, 2003
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As complicações da gestante com lesão medular incluem infecções urinárias, calculose renal, anemia, úlceras de decúbito, espasmos musculares, sepsis, hiperatividade uterina e a hiperreflexia autonômica. Durante a anestesia a hiperreflexia autonômica é a complicação mais importante, que deve ser, antes de tudo, prevenida. Ela é freqüentemente desenvolvida em pacientes com transecção medular ao nível da quinta à sétima vértebra torácica, ou acima. Nosso relato tem com objetivo apresentar um caso de gestante tetraplégica, com lesão ao nível da sexta vértebra cervical, que se submeteu à operação cesariana sob anestesia peridural contínua com bupivacaína a 0,25% sem vasoconstritor, associada ao fentanil. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente tetraplégica, primigesta à termo, idade gestacional de 39 semanas, branca, 22 anos, 63 kg, 168 cm de altura, estado físico ASA II, internada para ser submetida a cesariana eletiva. Relatava trauma raquimedular ao nível de C6 há 3 anos. Após hidratação prévia com 1500 ml de solução fisiológica, procedeu-se à anestesia peridural com punção mediana no espaço L3-L4 com a paciente em decúbito lateral, agulha Tuohy descartável calibre 17G e sem botão anestésico prévio. Imediatamente após a introdução da agulha, observou-se contração da musculatura paravertebral adjacente, aumento da pressão arterial (PA = 158 x 72 mmHg) e aumento da freqüência cardíaca (FC = 90 bpm). No entanto, a paciente não relatava dor. Retirou-se agulha e fez-se o botão anestésico, dando-se seqüência ao bloqueio peridural, com injeção de 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,25% sem vasoconstritor associados a 100 µg de fentanil espinhal e passagem de cateter peridural em sentido cefálico (3 a 4 cm). A cirurgia transcorreu sem intercorrências, não havendo necessidade de complementação do bloqueio em nenhum momento. Houve dois episódios de hipotensão arterial nas primeiras 24 horas do pós-operatório, tratados com infusão de solução de Ringer com lactato. O cateter peridural foi mantido por 48 horas. A alta hospitalar ocorreu após três dias de internação. CONCLUSÕES: Para gestantes paraplégicas ou tetraplégicas a anestesia peridural contínua com baixa concentração de anestésico local sem vasoconstritor associado ao fentanil é uma boa indicação para condução do parto normal instrumentado ou não, como o parto cesariano, a fim de evitar a hiperreflexia autonômica. Deve-se dar importância também à permanência do cateter peridural no pós-operatório por pelo menos 24 horas após o parto, com a intenção de bloquear a aferência simpática, caso venha desencadear alguma crise.

Palavras-chave

CIRURGIA, CIRURGIA, DOENÇAS,, DOENÇAS,, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Complications of pregnant patients with medullary injury include urinary infection, renal stones, anemia, decubitus ulcers, muscle spasms, sepsis, uterine hyperactivity and autonomic hyperreflexia. Autonomic hyperreflexia is the most severe anesthetic complication and should, before all, be prevented. It is often developed in patients with medullary transection at the level of the 5th to 7th thoracic vertebra or above. This report aims at presenting a case of tetraplegic pregnant patient with injury at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra, submitted to Cesarean section under continuous epidural anesthesia with 0.25% bupivacaine without vasoconstrictor associated to fentanyl. CASE REPORT: Caucasian, tetraplegic primiparous term patient, 39 weeks of gestational age, 22 years old, 63 kg, 168 cm, physical status ASA II, admitted for elective Cesarean section. Patient reported spinomedullary trauma at C6, three years ago. After previous hydration with 1500 ml saline, epidural anesthesia was induced with medial puncture at L3-L4 interspace with the patient in the lateral position, disposable 17G Tuohy needle and without previous local infiltration anesthesia. Immediately after needle insertion, there was adjacent paravertebral muscles contraction, blood pressure increase (BP = 158 x 72 mmHg) and heart rate increase (HR = 90 bpm). Patient, however, did not refer pain. Needle was removed and local anesthesia was induced. Epidural block proceeded with 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine without vasoconstrictor associated to 100 µg spinal fentanyl and epidural catheter insertion in the cephalad direction (3 to 4 cm). Surgery went on without intercurrences with no need for blockade complementation. There were two arterial hypotension episodes in the first 24 postoperative hours, which were treated with lactated Ringer’s solution. Epidural catheter was maintained for 48 hours. Patient was discharged three days after. CONCLUSIONS: For paraplegic or tetraplegic pregnant patients, continuous epidural anesthesia with low local anesthetic concentration without vasoconstrictor and associated to fentanyl is a good indication for instrumented or not vaginal delivery, and Cesarean sections to prevent autonomic hyperreflexia. It is also important that the epidural catheter remains for at least 24 hours after delivery to block sympathetic afference in case a crisis is triggered.

Keywords

ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, DISEASE,, DISEASE,, SURGERY, SURGERY

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