Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942003000300013
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Miscellaneous

Anestesia na população negra

Anesthesia in the afro-american population

Nilton Bezerra do Vale; José Delfino

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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Percentual significativo dos 12 milhões de negros americanos pode apresentar modificações fisiológicas, fisiopatológicas e farmacológicas capazes de modificar o bom desenvolvimento do ato anestésico; a população brasileira que se considera afro-descendente (40%) pode também apresentá-las por causa da mesma origem étnica e geográfica. O objetivo desta revisão é reavaliar o viés da diferença racial em eventuais mudanças no efeito das drogas anestésicas e adjuvantes no ato anestésico. CONTEÚDO: A análise dos estudos fisiopatológicos inerentes à histórica migração do gene africano em relação aos caucasianos mostra significativas diferenças raciais entre o negro americano ou africano, sugerindo uma estreita interface entre a genética e o ambiente, capaz de modificar o procedimento anestésico. As condições sócio-econômicas desfavoráveis da população negra das Américas como resultado de 400 anos de história de escravidão continuam sempre a influenciar na preservação de diferenças culturais e fisiológicas, além da cor da pele: disfunções de sistemas orgânicos estão relacionados com o SNC, SCV, respiratório e renal. No entanto, modificações de efeito de drogas anestésicas e seus adjuvantes, como diminuição do efeito analgésico local do creme anestésico EMLA, aumento do efeito hipnótico do propofol e da toxicidade do paracetamol, menor efeito anti-hipertensivo das drogas que reduzem renina (IECA, bloqueadores beta2 e de AT1), menor ação dos vasodilatadores beta2 e menor fibrinólise do t-PA podem afetar a conduta pré e pós-anestésica, sobretudo em pacientes negros hipertensos, renais, asmáticos ou com acidente vascular cerebral. CONCLUSÕES: Resposta a drogas pode variar entre diferentes populações devido a fatores biológicos (idade, sexo, doença), genéticos, culturais e ambientais. O fator demográfico raça deve ser valorizado na visita ou consulta pré-anestésica para assegurar a profilaxia de reações idiossincrásicas peri-operatórias e salvaguardar o êxito do ato anestésico-cirúrgico.

Palavras-chave

FARMACOLOGIA, RAÇA

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A significant percentage of the 12 million Afro-Americans may present physiological, pathophysiological and pharmacological changes able to impact the success of anesthesia; Brazilian Afro-American population (40%) is subject to those changes for having the same ethnic and geographic origin. This review aimed at re-evaluating racial differences bias on potential anesthetic drug and adjuvant effect changes during anesthesia. CONTENTS: The analysis of pathophysiological studies inherent to the historical migration of the African gene as compared to Caucasians shows significant racial differences between Afro-American and African populations, suggesting a close interface between genetics and environment able to affect anesthesia. Unfavorable Afro-American socio-economic conditions, as a result of 400 years of slavery, are still influencing the preservation of cultural and physiological differences beyond the color of the skin: organic system dysfunctions are related to CNS, CVS, respiratory and renal systems. However, different effects of anesthetic drugs and adjuvants, such as decreased local analgesic effect of the anesthetic ointment EMLA, increased propofol hypnotic effect and paracetamol toxicity, less anti-hypertensive effects of renin-decreasing drugs (ACEI, beta2 blockers and AT1), decreased beta2-vasodilator effects and less t-PA fibrinolysis, may affect pre and postanesthetic approaches, especially in hypertensive, renal, asthma or stroke Afro-American patients. CONCLUSIONS: Drug response may vary among different populations due to biological (age, gender, disease), genetic, cultural and environmental factors. Race should be taken into account during preanesthetic evaluation to prevent perioperative idiosyncratic reactions and assure the anesthetic-surgical success.

Keywords

PHARMACOLOGY, RACE

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