Vickery RG, Sheridan BC, Segal IS. Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of stereoisomers of medetomidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg. 1988;67:611-615.

Venn RM, Bradshaw CJ, Spencer R. Preliminary UK experience of dexmedetomidine, a novel agent for postoperative sedation in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:1136-1142.

Stahle H. A historical perspective: development of clonidine. Baillière’s Clinical. Anesthesiology. 2000;14:237-246.

Jones MEP, Maze M. Can we characterize the central nervous system action of alpha2-adrenergic agonists?. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86:1-3.

Kamibayashi T, Maze M. Clinical uses of alpha2-adrenergic agonists. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1345-1349.

Oliver M, Goldman L, Julian D. Effect of mivazerol on perioperative cardiac complications during non-cardiac surgery in patients with coronary heart disease: he European Mivazerol Trial (EMIT). Anesthesiology. 1999;91:951-961.

Perioperative sympatholysis: beneficial effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist mivazerol on hemodynamic stability and myocardial ischemia. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:346-363.

Hayashi Y, Maze M. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and anesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1993;71:108-118.

Tonner PH, Scholz J, Koch C. The anesthetic effect of dexmedetomidine does not adhere to the Meyer-Overton Rule but is reversed by hydrostatic pressure. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:618-622.

Tonner PH, Scholz J. Clinical perspectives of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 1996;9:471-480.

Scholz J, Toner PH. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthesia: a new paradigm. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2000;13:437-442.

Karhuvaara S, Kallio A, Salonen M. Rapid reversal of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist effects by atipamazole in human volunteers. Br J Pharmac. 1991;31:160-165.

Stanko CK, Vandel MI, Bose R. Characterization of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the rat: proximal tubule, renal membrane and whole kidney studies. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;175:13-20.

Docherty JR. Subtypes of functional alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998;361:1-15.

Saunders C, Limbird LE. Localization and trafficking of alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in cells and tissues. Pharmacol Ther. 1999;84:193-205.

Gilman AG. G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals. Ann Rev Biochem. 1987;56:615-649.

Khan ZP, Ferguson CN, Jones RM. Alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists: Their pharmacology and therapeutic role. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:146-165.

Khan ZP, Munday IT, Jones RM. Effects of dexmedetomidine on isoflurane requirements in healthy volunteers. 1: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83:372-380.

Mantz J. Dexmedetomidine. Drugs Today. 1999;35:151-157.

Cunningham FE, Baughaman VL, Tonkovich L. Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in patients with hepatic failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;65:128.

Dutta S, Lal R, Karol MD. Influence of cardiac output on dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci. 2000;89:519-527.

Wolf AMD, Fragen RJ, Avram MJ. The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in volunteers with severe renal impairment. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1205-1209.

Ala-Kokko TI, Pienimaki P, Lampela E. Transfer of clonidine and dexmedetomidine across the isolated perfused human placenta. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41:313-319.

Kallio A, Scheinin M, Koulu M. Effects of dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, on hemodynamic control mechanisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989;46:33-42.

Dyck JB, Maze M, Haack C. The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of intravenous and intramuscular dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in adult human volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1993;78:813-820.

Ebert TJ, Hall JE, Barney JA. The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:382-394.

Talke P, Tayefeh F, Sessler DI. Dexmedetomidine does not alter the sweating threshold, but comparably and linearly decreases the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:835-841.

Dutta S, Karol MD, Cohen T. Effect of dexmedetomidine on propofol requirements in healthy subjects. J Pharm Sci. 2001;90:172-181.

Talke PO, Caldwell JE, Richardson CA. The effects of dexmedetomidine on neuromuscular blockade in human volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:633-639.

Fukushima K, Nishimi Y, Mori K. The effect of epidural administered dexmedetomidine on central and peripheral nervous system in man. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:292S.

Aantaa RE, Kanto JH, Scheinin M. Dexmedetomidine premedication for minor gynecologic surgery. Anesth Analg. 1990;70:407-413.

Aho M, Scheinin M, Lehtinen AM. Intramuscularly administered dexmedetomidine attenuates hemodynamic and stress hormone responses to gynecologic laparoscopy. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:932-939.

Levanen J, Makela ML, Scheinin H. Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates ketamine-induced cardiostimulatory effects and post anesthetic delirium. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:1117-1125.

Aantaa R, Jaakola M-L, Kallio A. Reduction of the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane by dexmedetomidine. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:1055-1060.

Lawrence CJ, De Lange S. Effects of single pre-operative dexmedetomidine dose on isoflurane requirements and peri-operative haemodynamic stability. Anaesthesia. 1997;52:736-744.

Fragen RJ, Fitzgerald PC. Effect of dexmedetomidine on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in adults age 55 to 70 years. J Clin Anesth. 1999;11:466-470.

Taittonen MT, Kirvela OA, Aantaa R. Effect of clonidine and dexmedetomidine premedication on perioperative oxygen consumption and haemodynamic state. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:400-406.

Mann JJ, Manevitz AZ, Chen JS. Acute effects of single and repeated eletroconvulsive therapy on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1990;34:127-137.

Fu W, White PF. Dexmedetomidine failed to block the acute hyperdynamic response to eletroconvulsive therapy. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:422-424.

Peden CJ, Cloote AH, Stratford N. The effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine premedication on the dose requirement of propofol to induce loss of consciousness in patients receiving alfentanil. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:408-413.

Aho M, Erkola O, Kallio A. Dexmedetomidine infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:940-946.

Talke P, Jain U, Leung J. Effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion in patients undergoing vascular surgery. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:620-633.

Jalonen J, Hynynen M, Kuitunen A. Dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjunct in coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:331-345.

Badner N, Trepanier C, Chen R. Perioperative use of dexmedetomidine improves patient analgesia and provides sedation without increasing side effects. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:314S.

Talke P, Chen R, Thomas B. The hemodynamic and adrenergic effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion after vascular surgery. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:834-839.

Bekker A, Kaufman B, Samir H. The use of dexmedetomidine infusion for awake craniotomy. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:1251-1253.

Tranquilli WJ, Maze M. Clinical pharmacology and use of alpha2-adrenergic agonists in veterinary anaesthesia. Anaesth Pharmac Rev. 1993;1:297-309.

Virtanen R. Pharmacological profiles of medetomidine and its antagonist atipamezole. Acta Vet Scand. 1989;85:29-38.

Karhuvaara S, Kallio A, Salonen M. Rapid reversal of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist effects by atipamezole in human volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmac. 1991;31:160-165.

Scheinin H, Aantaa R, Anttila M. Reversal of the sedative and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine with a specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole: a pharmacodynamic and kinetic study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1998;89:574-584.

Aho M, Erkola O, Kallio A. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam and antagonism of dexmedetomidine with atipamezole. J Clin Anesth. 1993;5:194-203.