Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942002000600014
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Miscellaneous

Abordagem simplificada do nervo ciático por via posterior, no ponto médio do sulco glúteo-femoral, com uso de neuroestimulador

Simplified sciatic nerve approach by the posterior route at the median gluteus-femoral sulcus region, with a neurostimulator

Neuber Martins Fonseca; Fernando Xavier Ferreira; Roberto Araújo Ruzi; Gulherme Carnaval Souza Pereira

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942002000600014 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.52, n6, p.764-773, 2002
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O bloqueio do nervo ciático pode ser realizado por várias abordagens com vantagens e desvantagens. O nervo ciático é o maior nervo do corpo humano em diâmetro e comprimento. É a continuação do fascículo superior do plexo sacral (L4, L5, S1, S2 e S3). Sai da pelve através do forâmen isquiático maior, passando por baixo do músculo piriforme, desce entre o trocânter maior do fêmur e a tuberosidade isquiática, e ao longo do dorso da coxa, anterior aos músculos bíceps femoral e semitendinoso, até o terço inferior da coxa, onde se divide em dois grandes ramos denominados nervos tibial e fibular comum. Torna-se superficial na borda inferior do músculo glúteo máximo. Baseados nesta descrição anatômica, desenvolvemos uma abordagem posterior, tendo como vantagens a fácil identificação da anatomia de superfície, superficialidade do nervo nesta localização, provocando menor desconforto ao paciente que outras abordagens e podendo utilizar agulha de 5 cm. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 17 pacientes, estado físico ASA I, II ou III, com idades entre 21 e 79 anos, peso de 55 a 90 kg, submetidos a cirurgias em perna ou pé. Após monitorização, o paciente foi posicionado em decúbito ventral e realizado bloqueio no ponto médio do sulco glúteo-femoral (dobra da pele entre a nádega e região posterior da coxa), com auxílio de neuroestimulador, utilizando lidocaína a 1% sem adrenalina (300 mg). Avaliou-se latência, tempo de execução do bloqueio, anestesia dos nervos tibial, fibular comum e cutâneo posterior da coxa. Quando necessário, foi também realizado o bloqueio do nervo safeno com 5 ml de lidocaína a 1%. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se anestesia adequada em todos os casos com o volume e concentração usados. Em nenhum paciente ocorreu anestesia do nervo cutâneo posterior da coxa. O tempo de execução do bloqueio foi de 8,58 ± 5,71 min. A latência foi de 5,88 ± 1,6 min. A duração sensitiva e motora do bloqueio foi de 4,05 ± 1,1 e 2,9 ± 0,8 horas, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Essa nova abordagem é eficaz e de fácil execução. Não está indicada se o bloqueio do nervo cutâneo posterior da coxa for necessário.

Palavras-chave

ANATOMIA, ANESTÉSICOS, ANESTÉSICOS, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The sciatic nerve may be blocked by several routes, all of them with advantages and disadvantages. It is the largest human nerve in diameter and length, being the prolongation of the upper sacral plexus fascicle (L4, L5, S2 and S3). It leaves the pelvis through the foramen ischiadicum majus, passing below the piriform muscle and going down between the greater trochanter and the ischial tuberosity, continuing along the femoral dorsum, anterior to biceps femoris and semitendinous muscles, to the lower femoral third, where it is divided in two major branches called tibial and common fibular nerves. It becomes superficial at the lower border of the gluteus maximus muscle. Based on this anatomic description, we developed a posterior approach with the following advantages: easy identification of the surface anatomy, superficial level of the nerve at this location; and less discomfort to patients since a 5 cm needle may be used. METHODS: Seventeen ASA I - III patients aged 21 to 79 years, weighing 55 to 90 kg, undergoing leg or foot surgery were studied. After monitoring, patients were placed in the prone position and blockade was performed at the middle point of the sulcus gluteus (skin fold between nates and posterior thigh), with the aid of a neurostimulator, using 1% plain lidocaine (300 mg). Onset time, blockade performing time, and tibial, common fibular and cutaneous femoris posterior nerves anesthesia were evaluated. Saphenous nerve was also blocked with 5 ml of 1% lidocaine whenever needed. RESULTS: Adequate anesthesia was obtained in all cases. There was no patient with cutaneous femoris posterior nerve anesthesia. Blockade performing time was 8.58 ± 5.71 min. Onset time was 5.88 ± 1.6 min. Sensory and motor block duration was 4.05 ± 1.1 and 2.9 ± 0.8 hours, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This new approach is effective and easy. However, it is not indicated when the cutaneous femoris posterior nerve anesthesia is necessary.

Keywords

ANATOMY, ANESTHETICS, ANESTHETICS, ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES

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