Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1590/S0034-70942002000200005
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Scientific Article

Analgesia pós-operatória em pacientes pediátricos: estudo comparativo entre anestésico local, opióides e antiinflamatório não esteróide

Postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients: comparative study among local anesthetics, opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Miriam Seligman Menezes; Judymara Lauzi Gozzani

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942002000200005 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.52, n2, p.175-184, 2002
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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O tratamento da dor pós-operatória em crianças tem merecido atenção especial nas últimas décadas. O propósito deste estudo foi analisar a analgesia pós-operatória de crianças no que se relaciona à qualidade e à duração da analgesia, à confiabilidade dos métodos de avaliação e à incidência de efeitos colaterais decorrentes das diferentes técnicas de analgesia utilizadas. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 100 crianças com idades entre 2 e 12 anos alocadas em 5 grupos de 20 crianças cada, que receberam, logo após a indução da anestesia, os seguintes tratamentos de analgesia: grupo B, bupivacaína a 0,25%, com vasoconstritor, 0,5 a 1 ml.kg-1; grupo F, fentanil, 1,5 µg.kg-1; grupo M, morfina, 30 µg.kg-1, grupo S, sufentanil, 0,3 µg.kg-1, todos por via peridural caudal e o grupo D, que recebeu diclofenaco potássico (1 mg.kg-1) por via retal. A dor foi avaliada por 2 métodos distintos: um predominantemente comportamental, objetivo e o outro de auto-avaliação, subjetivo, durante as primeiras 4 horas e a partir deste momento até a 24ª hora. Efeitos colaterais foram observados e tratados. RESULTADOS: Nas primeiras 4 horas os pacientes dos grupos B, F, M e S apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes, com mínimas necessidades de analgesia complementar. Nas 20 horas restantes o maior tempo de analgesia foi o observado no grupo S, não diferindo dos grupos F e M, mas sendo significativamente superior ao tempo dos grupos B e D. Diclofenaco retal não promoveu alívio efetivo da dor. Maior incidência de efeitos colaterais ocorreu no grupo M que não diferiu do grupo S, mas foi significativamente superior aos grupos F, B e D. Houve correlação positiva e significativa entre os escores das 2 escalas de avaliação de dor. CONCLUSÕES: Os opióides espinhais mostraram-se seguros e efetivos na analgesia pós-operatória em crianças, porém quando comparados à bupivacaína não apresentaram diferenças relevantes e apresentaram maior incidência de efeitos colaterais. O diclofenaco por via retal não se mostrou efetivo como analgésico único quando comparado às outras técnicas.

Palavras-chave

ANALGÉSICOS, Opióides, ANALGÉSICOS, Opióides, ANALGÉSICOS, Opióides, ANALGÉSICOS, Opióides, ANESTESIA, Pediátrica, ANESTÉSICOS, Local, DOR, Aguda, TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, Regional

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The treatment of postoperative pain in children has been given special attention in the last decades. This study aimed at analyzing postoperative analgesia in children, considering analgesia quality and duration, evaluation methods reliability and the incidence of side effects resulting from different analgesia techniques. METHODS: Participated in this study 100 children, aged 2 to 12 years, allocated in 5 groups of 20 children each, who received, right after anesthesia, the following analgesics: group B, 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine (1:400,000) 0.5 to 1 ml.kg-1; group F, 1.5 µg.kg-1 fentanyl; group M, 30 µg.kg-1 morphine; group S, 0.3 µg.kg-1 sufentanil, all by epidural caudal block and group D, who received rectal diclofenac (1 mg.kg-1). Pain was evaluated by two different methods: one, predominantly behavioral and objective and the other subjective and self-evaluated, during the first 4 hours and then up to the 24th hour. Side effects were observed and treated. RESULTS: In the first 4 hours, groups B, F, M and S patients presented similar behavior, with a minimum need for complementary analgesia. In the remaining 20 hours, the longest analgesia duration was seen in group S, which did not differ from groups F and M, but was significantly longer than for groups B and D. Rectal diclofenac has not promoted effective pain relief. There has been a higher incidence of side-effects in group M, which did not differ from group S, but was significantly higher than for groups F, B and D. There has been a positive and significant correlation between both pain scales. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal opioids are safe and effective for postoperative analgesia in children, but when compared to bupivacaine, there have been no significant differences and a higher incidence of side effects. Rectal diclofenac was not effective as a single analgesic as compared to other techniques.

Keywords

ANALGESICS, Opioids, ANALGESICS, Opioids, ANALGESICS, Opioids, ANALGESICS, Opioids, ANESTHESIA, Pediatric, ANESTHETICS, Local, ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES, Regional, PAIN, Acute

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