Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1016/j.bjane.2023.10.003
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Original Investigation

Methylene blue as an adjuvant during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an experimental study in rats

Azul de metileno como adjuvante na reanimação cardiopulmonar: estudo experimental em ratos

Marcelo Souza Xavier, Matheus F. Vane, Roberta F. Vieira, Cristiano C. Oliveira, Debora R.R. Maia, Leticia U.C. de Castro, Maria José Carvalho Carmona, José Otávio Costa Auler Jr., Denise Aya Otsuki

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Abstract

Introduction

Methylene Blue (MB) has been shown to attenuate oxidative, inflammatory, myocardial, and neurological lesions during ischemia-reperfusion and has great potential during cardiac arrest. This study aimed to determine the effects of MB combined with epinephrine during cardiac arrest on myocardial and cerebral lesions.

Method

Thirty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: the sham group (SH, n = 5), and three groups subjected to cardiac arrest (n = 11/group) and treated with EPI 20 µg.kg−1 (EPI), EPI 20 µg.kg−1 + MB 2 mg.kg−1 (EPI + MB), or saline 0.9% 0.2 ml (CTL). Ventricular fibrillation was induced by direct electrical stimulation in the right ventricle for 3 minutes, and anoxia was maintained for 5 minutes. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) consisted of medications, ventilation, chest compressions, and defibrillation. After returning to spontaneous circulation, animals were observed for four hours. Blood gas, troponin, oxidative stress, histology, and TUNEL stainingmeasurements were analyzed. Groups were compared using generalized estimating equations.

Results

No differences in the Returning of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) rate were observed among the groups (EPI: 63%, EPI + MB: 45%, CTL: 40%, p = 0.672). The mean arterial pressure immediately after ROSC was higher in the EPI+MB group than in the CTRL group (CTL: 30.5 [5.8], EPI: 63 [25.5], EPI+MB: 123 [31] mmHg, p = 0.007). Serum troponin levels were high in the CTL group (CTL: 130.1 [333.8], EPI: 3.70 [36.0], EPI + MB: 43.7 [116.31] ng/mL, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The coadministration of MB and epinephrine failed to yield enhancements in cardiac or brain lesions in a rodent model of cardiac arrest.

Keywords

Cardiac arrest Epinephrine Hypoxia-ischemia Injury Methylene blue Rats Reperfusion

Resumo

Introdução

Foi demonstrado que o azul de metileno (AM) atenua lesões oxidativas, inflamatórias, miocárdicas e neurológicas durante a isquemia-reperfusão e tem grande potencial durante a parada cardíaca. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos do AM combinado com epinefrina durante parada cardíaca nas lesões miocárdicas e cerebrais.

Métodos

Trinta e oito ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: o grupo placebo (SH, n = 5) e três grupos submetidos a parada cardíaca (n = 11/grupo) e tratados com EPI 20 µg.kg−1 (EPI ), EPI 20 µg.kg−1 + MB 2 mg.kg−1 (EPI + MB) ou solução salina 0,9% 0,2 ml (CTL). A fibrilação ventricular foi induzida por estimulação elétrica direta no ventrículo direito por 3 minutos e a anóxia foi mantida por 5 minutos. A ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) consistiu em medicamentos, ventilação, compressões torácicas e desfibrilação. Após retornarem à circulação espontânea, os animais foram observados por quatro horas. Foram analisadas medidas de gasometria arterial, troponina, estresse oxidativo, histologia e coloração TUNEL. Os grupos foram comparados usando equações de estimativa generalizadas.

Resultados

Não foram observadas diferenças na taxa de Retorno da Circulação Espontânea (RCE) entre os grupos (EPI: 63%, EPI + AM: 45%, CTL: 40%, p = 0,672). A pressão arterial média imediatamente após o RCE foi maior no grupo EPI+AM do que no grupo CTRL (CTL: 30,5 [5,8], EPI: 63 [25,5], EPI+AM: 123 [31] mmHg, p = 0,007). Os níveis séricos de troponina estavam elevados no grupo CTL (CTL: 130,1 [333,8], EPI: 3,70 [36,0], EPI + AM: 43,7 [116,31] ng/mL, p < 0,05).

Conclusão

A coadministração de AM e epinefrina não conseguiu produzir melhorias nas lesões cardíacas ou cerebrais em um modelo de parada cardíaca em roedores.

Palavras-chave

Parada cardíaca; Epinefrina; Hipóxia-isquemia; Lesão; Azul de metileno; Ratos; Reperfusão

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Submitted date:
05/15/2023

Accepted date:
10/13/2023

6567b0a7a953956c7e47e2b2 rba Articles
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