Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1016/j.bjane.2022.09.003
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Original Investigation

Comparison between oral midazolam versus oral ketamine plus midazolam as preanesthetic medication in autism spectrum disorder: double-blind randomized clinical trial

Comparação entre midazolam oral versus cetamina oral mais midazolam como medicação pré-anestésica no transtorno do espectro autista: ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego

Heber de Moraes Penna, Andreia Portela Martins Paiva, Antônio José Marques Romano, Rodrigo Leal Alves, Paulo do Nascimento Junior, Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo

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Abstract

Background
Conventional dental care is often impossible in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Non-collaborative behaviors, sometimes associated with aggressiveness, are usual justifications for premedication in this population. Thereby, this research focuses on the effects of oral midazolam versus oral ketamine plus midazolam as preanesthetic medication in ASD.

Methods
The sample included 64 persons with ASD, aged 2˗59 years, scheduled for dental care under general anesthesia. The primary objective of this study was to compare degrees of sedation between two parallel, double-blinded, equally proportional groups randomized to receive oral midazolam (0.5 mg.kg−1, maximum 15 mg) or oral midazolam (0.5 mg.kg−1) associated with oral S(+)-ketamine (3 mg.kg−1, maximum 300 mg). The secondary outcomes were the need of physical stabilization to obtain intravenous line, awakening time, and occurrence of adverse events.

Results
According to the dichotomous analysis of sedation level (Ramsay score 1 and 2 versus Ramsay ≥ 3), oral association of S(+)-ketamine and midazolam improved sedation, with increased probability of Ramsay ≥ 3, Relative Risk (RR) = 3.2 (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 1.32 to 7.76) compared to midazolam alone. Combined treatment also made it easier to obtain venous access without physical stabilization, RR = 2.05 (95% CI = 1.14 to 3.68). There were no differences between groups regarding awakening time and the occurrence of adverse events.

Conclusion
The association of oral S(+)-ketamine with midazolam provides better preanesthetic sedation rates than midazolam alone and facilitates intravenous line access in patients with autism.

Keywords

Autism;  Autism spectrum disorder;  Dental care;  Ketamine;  Midazolam;  Preanesthetic medication

Resumo

Justificativa

O atendimento odontológico convencional é muitas vezes impossível em pacientes com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA). Comportamentos não colaborativos, por vezes associados à agressividade, são justificativas usuais para pré-medicação nessa população. Assim, esta pesquisa enfoca os efeitos do midazolam oral versus cetamina oral mais midazolam como medicação pré-anestésica no TEA.

Métodos

A amostra incluiu 64 pessoas com TEA, com idade de 2˗59 anos, agendadas para atendimento odontológico sob anestesia geral. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi comparar os graus de sedação entre dois grupos paralelos, duplo-cegos e igualmente proporcionais, randomizados para receber midazolam oral (0,5 mg.kg−1, máximo de 15 mg) ou midazolam oral (0,5 mg.kg−1 ) associado à S(+) cetamina oral (3 mg.kg−1, máximo de 300 mg). Os desfechos secundários foram a necessidade de estabilização física para obtenção de acesso intravenoso, tempo de despertar e ocorrência de eventos adversos.

Resultados

De acordo com a análise dicotômica do nível de sedação (escore de Ramsay 1 e 2 versus Ramsay ≥ 3), a associação oral de S(+) cetamina e midazolam melhorou a sedação, com aumento da probabilidade de Ramsay ≥ 3, Risco Relativo (RR) = 3,2 ( Intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] = 1,32 a 7,76) em comparação com midazolam sozinho. O tratamento combinado também facilitou a obtenção de acesso venoso sem estabilização física, RR = 2,05 (IC 95% = 1,14 a 3,68). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos em relação ao tempo de despertar e à ocorrência de eventos adversos.

Conclusão

A associação de S(+) cetamina oral com midazolam fornece melhores taxas de sedação pré-anestésica do que midazolam sozinho e facilita o acesso intravenoso em pacientes com autismo.

Palavras-chave

Autismo; transtorno do espectro do autismo; Cuidado dental; Cetamina; Midazolam; Medicação pré-anestésica

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Submitted date:
01/13/2022

Accepted date:
09/20/2022

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