Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1016/j.bjane.2021.07.013
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Original Investigation

Percutaneous tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients: a new apneic approach

Traqueostomia percutânea em pacientes com COVID-19: uma nova abordagem apneica

Elena Moizo; Alberto Zangrillo; Sergio Colombo; Carlo Leggieri; Milena Mucci; Paolo Beccaria; Nicola Pasculli; Giovanni Borghi; Valentina Paola Plumari; Alessia La Bruna; Roberto Dossi; Martina Baiardo Redaelli; Anna Tornaghi; Gaetano Lombardi; Giovanni Landoni; Antonio Dell’Acqua; Francesca Guzzo; Giacomo Monti

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Abstract

Background
Percutaneous dilation tracheostomy is an aerosol-generating procedure carrying a documented infectious risk during respiratory virus pandemics. For this reason, during the COVID-19 outbreak, surgical tracheostomy was preferred to the percutaneous one, despite the technique related complications increased risk.

Methods
We describe a new sequence for percutaneous dilation tracheostomy procedure that could be considered safe both for patients and healthcare personnel. A fiberscope was connected to a video unit to allow bronchoscopy. Guidewire positioning was performed as usual. While the established standard procedure continues with the creation of the stoma without any change in mechanical ventilation, we retracted the bronchoscope until immediately after the access valve in the mount tube, allowing normal ventilation. After 3 minutes of ventilation with 100% oxygen, mechanical ventilation was stopped without disconnecting the circuit. During apnea, the stoma was created by dilating the trachea and the tracheostomy cannula was inserted. Ventilation was then resumed. We evaluated the safeness of the procedure by recording any severe desaturation and by performing serological tests to all personnel.

Results
Thirty-six patients (38%) of 96 underwent tracheostomy; 22 (23%) percutaneous dilation tracheostomies with the new approach were performed without any desaturation. All personnel (150 operators) were evaluated for serological testing: 9 (6%) had positive serology but none of them had participated in tracheostomy procedures.

Conclusion
This newly described percutaneous dilation tracheostomy technique was not related to severe desaturation events and we did not observe any positive serological test in health workers who performed the tracheostomies.

Keywords

COVID-19;  Percutaneous dilation tracheostomy;  Tracheotomy;  Apnea;  Intensive care;  Critical care

Resumo

Introdução: A traqueostomia por dilatação percutânea é um procedimento gerador de aerossóis com risco infeccioso documentado durante pandemias de vírus respiratórios. Por esse motivo, durante o surto de COVID-19, a traqueostomia cirúrgica foi preferida à percutânea, apesar do aumento do risco de complicações relacionadas à técnica. Métodos: Descrevemos uma nova sequência para procedimento de traqueostomia por dilatação percutânea que pode ser considerada segura tanto para pacientes quanto para profissionais de saúde. Um fibroscópio foi conectado a uma unidade de vídeo para permitir a broncoscopia. O posicionamento do fio-guia foi realizado como de costume. Enquanto o procedimento padrão estabelecido continua com a confecção do estoma sem qualquer alteração na ventilação mecânica, retraímos o broncoscópio até imediatamente após a válvula de acesso no tubo de montagem, permitindo ventilação normal. Após 3 minutos de ventilação com oxigênio a 100%, a ventilação mecânica foi interrompida sem desconexão do circuito. Durante a apneia, o estoma foi criado pela dilatação da traqueia e a cânula de traqueostomia foi inserida. A ventilação foi então retomada. Avaliamos a segurança do procedimento registrando qualquer dessaturação grave e realizando testes sorológicos para todo o pessoal. Resultados: Trinta e seis pacientes (38%) de 96 foram submetidos à traqueostomia; 22 (23%) traqueostomias de dilatação percutânea com a nova abordagem foram realizadas sem dessaturação. Todos os funcionários (150 operadores) foram avaliados para testes sorológicos: 9 (6%) tiveram sorologia positiva, mas nenhum deles havia participado de procedimentos de traqueostomia. Conclusão: Esta técnica de traqueostomia de dilatação percutânea recentemente descrita não esteve relacionada a eventos de dessaturação grave e não observamos nenhum teste sorológico positivo nos trabalhadores de saúde que realizaram as traqueostomias.

Palavras-chave

COVID-19; Traqueostomia de dilatação percutânea; Traqueotomia; Apnéia; Tratamento intensivo; Cuidados intensivos

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