Update on perioperative hypersensitivity reactions: joint document of the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) and Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) – Part I: post-crisis guidelines and treatment
Atualização sobre reações de hipersensibilidade perioperatória: Documento conjunto da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA) e Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) – Parte I: Tratamento e orientação pós-crise
Maria Anita Costa Spindola, Dirceu Solé, Marcelo Vivolo Aun, Liana Maria Tôrres de Araújo Azi, Luiz Antonio Guerra Bernd, Daniela Bianchi Garcia, Albertina Varandas Capelo, Débora de Oliveira Cumino, Alex Eustáquio Lacerda, Luciana Cavalcanti Lima, Edelton Flávio Morato, Rogean Rodrigues Nunes, Norma de Paula Motta Rubini, Jane da Silva, Maria Ângela Tardelli, Alexandra Sayuri Watanabe, Erick Freitas Curi, Flávio Sano
Abstract
Experts from the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) and the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) interested in the issue of perioperative anaphylaxis, and aiming to strengthen the collaboration between the two societies, combined efforts to study the topic and to prepare a joint document to guide specialists in both areas. The purpose of the present series of two articles was to report the most recent evidence based on the collaborative assessment between both societies. This first article will consider the updated definitions, treatment and guidelines after a perioperative crisis. The following article will discuss the major etiologic agents, how to proceed with the investigation, and the appropriate tests.
Resumo
Especialistas da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA) interessados no tema anafilaxia perioperatória reuniram-se com o objetivo de intensificar a colaboração entre as duas sociedades no estudo desse tema e elaborar um documento conjunto que possa guiar os especialistas de ambas as áreas. O objetivo desta série de dois artigos foi mostrar as evidências mais recentes alicerçadas na visão colaborativa entre as sociedades. Este primeiro artigo versará sobre as definições mais atuais, formas de tratamento e as orientações após a crise no perioperatório. No próximo artigo serão discutidos os principais agentes causais e a condução da investigação com testes apropriados.
References
1 H.I. Kemps, T.M. Cook, M. Thomas, N.J.N. Harper UK anaesthetists’ perspectives and experiences of severe perioperative anaphylaxis: NAP6 baseline survey Br J Anaesth., 119 (2017), pp. 132-139
2 P.M. Mertes, G.W. Volcheck, L.H. Garvey, et al. Epidemiology of perioperative anaphylaxis Presse Med., 45 (2016), pp. 758-767
3 P.M. Mertes, M. Lambert, R.M. Guéabt-Rodriguez, et al. Perioperative anaphylaxis Immunol Allergy Clin N Am., 29 (2009), pp. 429-451
4 L.S. Garro, M.V. Aun, I.S. Soares, et al. Specific questionnaire detects a high incidence of intra-operative hypersensitivity reactions Clinics., 113 (2018), pp. 1202-1212
5 P. Dewachter, P. Kopac, J.J. Laguna, et al. Anaesthetic management of patients with pre-existing allergic conditions: a narrative review Br J Anaesth., 123 (2019), pp. e50-e64
6 G.W. Volcheck, D.L. Hepner Identification and management of perioperative anaphylaxis J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 7 (2019), pp. 2134-2142
7 L.H. Garvey, P. Dewachter, D.L. Hepner, et al. Management of suspected immediate perioperative allergic reactions: an international overview and consensus recommendations Br J Anaesth., 123 (2019), pp. e50-e64
8 V. Sabato, P. Platt, T. Garcez, P. Cooke Suspected perioperative allergic reactions: nomenclature and terminology Br J Anaesth., 123 (2019), pp. e13-e15
9 L.K. Tanno, M.J. Torres, M. Castells, P. Demoly, on behalf of the Joint Allergy Academies What can we learn in drug allergy management from World Health Organization's international classifications? Allergy., 73 (2018), pp. 987-992
10 L.K. Tanno, F.E. Simons, I. Annesi-Maesano, et al. Fatal anaphylaxis registries data support changes in the WHO anaphylaxis mortality coding rules Orphanet J Rare Dis., 12 (2017), p. 8
11 S.G.O. Johansson, T. Bieber, R. Dahl, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 J Allergy Clin Immunol., 113 (2004), pp. 832-836
12 D.G. Ebo, R.C. Clarke, P.M. Mertes, P.R. Platt, V. Sabato, P.H.M. Sadleir Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of perioperative hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis: a narrative review Br J Anaesth., 123 (2019), pp. e38-e49
13 J. Ring, K. Messmer Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes Lancet., 1 (1977), pp. 466-469
14 Société Française d’Anesthesie et de Réanimation Socété Française d’Allergologie. Reducing the risk of the anaphylaxis during anaesthesia. Short text Ann Fr Anesth Reanim., 30 (2011), pp. 212-222
15 P.M. Mertes, J.M. Malinovsky, L. Jouffroy Working Group of the SFAR and SFA, Aberer W, Tereehorst I, et al. Reducing the risk of anaphylaxis during anesthesia: 2011 update guidelines for clinical practice J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol., 21 (2011), pp. 442-453
16 P.M. Hopkins, P.J. Cooke, R.C. Clarke, et al. Consensus clinical scoring for suspected perioperative immediate hypersensitivity reactions Br J Anaesth., 123 (2019), pp. e29-e37
17 Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practical parameter J Allergy Clin immunol., 115 (3 Suppl 2) (2005), pp. S483-S523
18 P. Dewachter, C. Mouton-Faivre, C.W. Emala Anaphylaxis and anesthesia: controversies and new insights Anesthesiology., 111 (2009), pp. 1141-1150
19 S.G.A. Brown Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis Curr Opin Allerg Clin Immunol., 5 (2005), pp. 359-364
20 R. Clarke, P. Sadleir, A.W. Van Niekerk, P. Platt Quantification of volume loss and haemodynamic changes of Gelofusine-induced anaphylaxis during cardiopulmonar by-pass Anaesth Intensive Care., 39 (2011), pp. 492-495
21 N.G. Kounis Kounis syndrome (allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction): a natural paradigma? Int J Cardiol., 110 (2006), pp. 7-14
22 J.A. Franco Hernandez, A. García Hernandez, D. Lahoz Rodríguez Kounis syndrome secondary to an allergic reaction to metamizole Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim., 59 (2012), pp. 217-219
23 A. Gouel-Chéron, C. Neukirch, B. Aubier, et al. Anaphylactic bronchospasm during general anesthesia is not related to asthma Allergy., 70 (2015), pp. 453-456
24 F.E. Simmons, L.R. Ardusso, M.B. Bilò, et al. World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines: summary J Allergy Clin Immunol., 127 (2011), pp. 587-593
25 M. Kroigaard, L.H. Garvey, L. Gillberg, et al. Scandinavian Clinical Practice Guidelines on the diagnosis, management and follow-up of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia Acta Anesthesiol Scand., 51 (2007), pp. 655-670
26 H. Kolawole, S.D. Marshall, H. Crilly, R. Kerridge, S. Roessler Australian and New Zealand Anaesthetic Allergy Group/Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Perioperative Anaphylaxis Management Guidelines Anaesth Intensive Care., 45 (2017), pp. 151-158
27 P. Dewachter, C. Mouton-Faivre, D.L. Hepner Perioperative Anaphylaxis: what should be known? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep., 15 (2015), p. 21
28 M.A.C. Spindola, J. da Silva Anafilaxia e anestesia. In: Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Nunes RR, Bagatini A, Duarte LTD (org). PROANESTESIA Programa de Atualização em Anestesiologia: Ciclo 1 Artmed Panamericana, Porto Alegre (2018) p9-49 (Sistema de Educação Continuada à Distância, vol. 3)
29 P.W. Ewan, P. Dugué, R. Mirakian, T.A. Dixon, J.N. Harper, S.M. Nasser BSACI guidelines for the investigation of suspected anaphylaxis during general anesthesia Clin Exp Allergy., 40 (2009), pp. 15-31
30 J.J. Laguna, J. Archilla, I. Doña, M. Corominas, G. Gastaminza, C. Mayorga, et al. Practical guidelines for perioperative hypersensitivity reactions J Investig Allergol Immunol., 28 (2018), pp. 216-232
31 G.W. Volcheck, P.M. Mertes Local and general anesthetics immediate hypersensitivity reactions Immunol Allergy Clin N Am., 34 (2014), pp. 525-546
32 S.F. Kemp, R.F. Lockey, F.E. Simmons World allergy Organization ad hoc Committee on Epinephrine in Anaphylaxis. Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis: a statement of the World Allergy Organization Allergy., 63 (2008), pp. 1061-1070
33 F.E. Simmons Anaphylaxis: recent advances in assessment and treatment J Allergy Clin Immunol., 124 (2009), pp. 625-636
34 U.R. Mueller Cardiovascular disease and anaphylaxis Curr Opin Allergy. (2007), pp. 337-341
35 P. Lieberman, R.A. Nicklas, C. Randolph, et al. Anaphylaxis – a practice parameter update 2015 Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol., 115 (2015), pp. 341-384
36 R.S. Pumphrey Lessons for management from a study of fatal reactions Clin Exp Allergy., 30 (2000), pp. 1114-1150
37 R.L. Campbell, F. Bellolio, B.D. Knutson, et al. Higher risk of cardiovascular complications and overdose after administration of intravenous bolus epinephrine compared with intramuscular epinephrine J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract., 3 (2014), pp. 76-80
38 Y.S. Xu, M. Kastner, L. Harada, A. Xu, J. Salter, S. Waserman Anaphylaxis-related deaths in Ontario: a retrospective review of cases from 1986 to 2011 Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol., 10 (2014), p. 38
39 N.J.N. Harper, T.M. Cook, T. Garcez, et al. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: management and outcomes in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6) Br J Anaesth., 121 (2018), pp. 172-188
40 M. Kanwar, C.B. Irvin, J.J. Frank, K. Weber, H. Rosman Confusion about epinephrine dosing leading to iatrogenic overdose: a life-threatening problem with a potential solution Ann Emerg Med., 55 (2010), pp. 341-344
41 A. Gouel-Cheron, L. de Chaisemartin, F. Jonsson, et al. Low end-tidal CO2 as a marker of a real-time severity marker of intra-anaesthetic acute hypersensitivity reactions Br J Anaesth., 119 (2017), pp. 908-917
42 L.H. Garvey, B. Belhage, M. Kroigaard, B. Husum, H.J. Malling, H. Mosbech Treatment with epinephrine (adrenaline) in suspected anaphylaxis during anesthesia in Denmark Anesthesiology., 115 (2011), pp. 111-116
43 A. Gouel-Cheron, A. Harpan, P.M. Mertes, D. Longrois Management of anaphylactic shock in the operating room Presse Med., 45 (2016), pp. 774-783
44 P. Turner, E. Jerschow, T. Umasunthar, R. Lin, D.E. Campbell, R.J. Boy Fatal anaphylaxis: mortality rate and risk factors J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract., 5 (2017), pp. 1169-1178
45 G.M. Weiss, A.D. Fandrick, D. Sidebotham Successful rescue of an adult with refractory anaphylactic shock and abdominal compartment syndrome with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and bedside laparotomy Semin Cardiothor Vasc Anesthesia., 19 (2015), pp. 66-70
46 R.C. Clarke, P.H. Sadleir, P.R. Platt The role of sugammadex in the development and modification of an allergic response to rocuronium: evidence from a cutaneous model Anaesthesia., 67 (2012), pp. 266-273
47 P.R. Platt, R.C. Clarke, G.H. Jonson, P.H. Sadleir Efficacy of sugammadex in rocuronium-induced or antibiotic-induced anaphylaxis. A case-control study Anaesthesia., 70 (2015), pp. 1264-1267
48 D.L. Hepner, M. Castells, C. Mouton-Faivre, P. Dewachter Anaphylaxis in the clinical setting of obstetric anesthesia: a literature review Anesth Analg., 117 (2013), pp. 1357-1367
49 S.J. McCall, K.J. Bunch, P. Brocklehurst, et al. The incidence characteristics, managements and outcomes of anaphylaxis in pregnancy: a population-based descriptive study BJOG., 125 (2018), pp. 965-971
50 E.J. Lavonas, I.R. Drennan, A. Gabrielli, et al. Part 10: special circumstances of resuscitation 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care Circulation., 132 (suppl 2) (2015), pp. S501-S518
51 S.M. Kinsella, B. Carvalho, R.A. Dyer, et al. International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressor during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia Anaesthesia., 73 (2018), pp. 71-92
52 D. Hood, D. Dewan, F. James Maternal and fetal effects of epinephrine in gravid ewes Anesthesiology. (1986), pp. 64-610
53 M.C. Mushambi, S. Jaladi Airway management and training in obstetric anaesthesia Curr Opin Anaesthesiol., 29 (2016), pp. 261-267
54 F.E.R. Simmons, M. Schatz Anaphylaxis during pregnancy J Allergy Clin Immunol., 130 (2012), pp. 597-605
55 S. Lipman, S. Cohen, S. Einav, et al. The Society of Obstetric Anesthesia and perinatology Consensus Statement on the management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy Anesth Analg., 118 (2014), pp. 1003-1016
56 B. Stepanovic, D. Sommerfield, M. Lucas, B.S. von Ungern-Sternberg An update on allergy and anaphylaxis in pediatric anesthesia Paediatr Anaesth., 29 (2019), pp. 892-900
57 E. Khaleva, A. Franz, L.H. Garvey, A. Ylescupidez, H.T. Bahnson, G. du Toit Perioperative anaphylaxis in children: etiology, time sequence, and patterns of clinical reactivity Pediatr Allergy Immunol., 31 (2020), pp. 85-94
58 N.J.N. Harper, T.M. Cook, T. Garcez, et al. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project Br J Anaesth., 121 (2018), pp. 159-171
59 M. Thomas, N. Harper, T. Cook Paediatric anaesthesia In: Anaesthesia, surgery and life-threatening allergic reactions: from the Report and findings of the 6th National Audit Project, Royal College of Anaesthetists (2018), pp. 216-221
60 A.V. Michavila Gomez, M.T. Belver Gonzalez, N.C. Alvarez, et al. Perioperative anaphylactic reactions: Review and procedure protocol in paediatrics Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)., 43 (2015), pp. 203-214
61 P.M. Mertes, F. Alla, P. Trechot, Y. Auroy, E. Jougla, P. Groupe d’Etudes des Reactions Anaphylactoides Anaphylaxis during anesthesia in France: an 8- year national survey J Allergy Clin Immunol., 128 (2011), pp. 366-373
62 M. Kerton, A. Jones, C. Gough, R. Hardy, F.E. Kelly Paediatric anaphylaxis management: training staff to draw up the correct dose of epinephrine Br J Anaesth., 120 (2018), pp. 881-882
63 S.H. Sicherer, E.S. Simons Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis Pediatrics., 139 (2017), p. e20164006
64 A. Muraro, G. Roberts, A. Clark, et al. The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European academy of allergology and clinical immunology Allergy., 62 (2007), pp. 857-871
65 M.C. Liu, D. Proud, L.M. Lichtenstein, et al. Effects of prednisone on the cellular responses and release of cytokines and mediators after segmental allergen challenge of asthmatic subjects J Allergy Clin Immunol., 108 (2001), pp. e29-e38
66 W. Alqurashi, A.K. Ellis Do corticosteroids prevent biphasic anaphylaxis? J Allergy Clin Immunol., 5 (2017), pp. 1194-1205
67 J. Vitte Human mast cell tryptase in biology and medicine Mol Immunol., 63 (2015), pp. 18-24
68 W. Egner, T.M. Cook, T. Garcez, et al. Specialist perioperative allergy clinic services in the UK 2018: Results from the Royal College of Anaesthetists Sixth National Audit Project (NAP6) investigation of perioperative anaphylaxis Clin Exp Allergy., 48 (2018), pp. 846-861
69 J. Vitte, L. Amadei, M. Gouitaa, et al. Paired acute-baseline serum tryptase levels in perioperative anaphylaxis: an observational study Allergy., 74 (2019), pp. 1157-1165
70 R.L. Baretto, S. Beck, J. Heslegrave, C. Melchior, O. Mohamed, A. Ekbote, et al. Validation of international consensus equation for acute serum total tryptase in mast cell activation: a perioperative perspective Allergy, 72 (2017), p. 20314
71 D. Laroche, P. Gomis, E. Gallimidi, J.M. Malinowsky, P.M. Mertes Diagnostic value of histamine and tryptase concentrations in severe anaphylaxis with shock or cardiac arrest during anesthesia Anesthesiology., 121 (2014), pp. 272-279
72 L.H. Garvey Practical aspects of perioperative anaphylaxis Trends Anaesth Crit Care., 3 (2013), pp. 320-326
73 P.H.M. Sadleir, R.C. Clarke, P.R. PLatt Consequences of proceeding surgery after resuscitation from intra-operative anaphylaxis Anaesthesia., 73 (2018), pp. 32-39
74 M. Guilarte, A. Sala-Cunill, O. Luengo, M. Labrador-Horrillo, V. Cardona The mast cell, contact, and coagulation system connection in anaphylaxis Frontiers in Immunol., 8 (2017), p. 846
75 L.H. Garvey Perioperative hypersensitivity reactions: diagnosis, treatment and evaluation Curr Treat Options Allergy., 3 (2016), pp. 113-128
76 Conselho Federal de Medicina. Resolução 2.174, de 14 de dezembro de 2017. Dispões sobre a prática do ato anestésico e revoga a Resolução CFM 1.806/2006. Diário Oficial da União. Publicado em 27/02/2018. Edição 39. Seção 1. Páginas 75-84.
77 I.S. Christiansen, P. Pederson, M. Kroigaard, H. Mosbech, L.H. Garvey Anaphylaxis to intravenous gentamicin with suspected sensitization through gentamicina-loaded bone cement J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract., 4 (2016), p. 1258
78 E. Moissiev, E. Levinger Anaphylactic reaction following intracameral cefuroxime injection during cataract surgery J Cataract Refract Surg., 39 (2013), pp. 1432-1434
79 W. Egner, R.R. Sargur, A. Shrimpton, M. York, K. Green A 17-year experience in perioperative anaphylaxis 1998-2015: harmonizing optimal detection of mast cell mediator release Clin Exp Allergy., 46 (2016), pp. 1465-1473
80 S.C. Beck, T. Wilding, R.J. Buka, R.L. Baretto, A.P. Huissoon, M.T. Krishna Biomarkers in human anaphylaxis: a critical appraisal of current evidence and perspectives Front Immunol., 10 (2019), pp. 1-11
81 J. Soar, R. Pumphrey, A. Cant, et al. Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions – Guidelines for healthcare providers Resuscitation., 77 (2008), pp. 157-169
82 A. Muraro, G. Roberts, M. Worm, et al. Anaphylaxis: Guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Allergy., 69 (2014), pp. 1026-1045
83 P. Demoly, N.F. Adkinson, K. Brockow, et al. International consensus on drug allergy Allergy., 69 (2014), pp. 420-437
84 R.J. Scolaro, H.M. Crilly, E.J. Maycock, et al. The Australian and New Zealand anaesthetic allergy group perioperative anaphylaxis investigation guidelines Anaesth Intensive Care., 45 (2017), pp. 543-555
85 P. Demoly, N.F. Adkinson, K. Brockow, et al. International consensus on drug allergy Allergy., 69 (2014), pp. 420-437
86 M. Kroigaard, L.H. Garvey, T. Menné, B. Husum Allergic reactions in anaesthesia: are suspected causes confirmed on subsequent testing? Br J Anaesth., 95 (2005), pp. 486-571
87 A.C. Guyer, R.R. Saff, M. Conroy, et al. Comprehensive allergy evaluation is useful in the subsequent care of patients with drug hypersensitivity reactions during anesthesia J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract., 3 (2015), pp. 94-100
88 A.M. Chiriac, C. Tacquarad, N.B. Fadhel, et al. Safety of subsequent general anesthesia in patients allergic to neuromuscular blocking agents: value of allergy skin tests Br J Anaesth., 120 (2018), pp. 1437-1440
89 N. Harper, T. Cook Anaesthesia, surgery and life-threatening allergic reactions - Summary of main findings Br J Anaesth., 121 (2018), pp. 183-191
90 L.H. Garvey, D.G. Ebo, P.M. Mertes, et al. An EAACI position paper on the investigation of perioperative immediate hypersensitivity reactions Allergy., 74 (2019), pp. 1872-1884
91 N. Cabañes, J.M. Igea, B. de la Hoz, et al. Latex allergy: position paper J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol., 22 (2012), pp. 313-330
92 Silva Jr JB. Resolução RDC n° 37, de 26 de agosto de 2015. Ministério da Saúde/Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária/Diretoria Colegiada. Dispõe sobre a padronização de frases de declaração de conteúdo de látex de borracha natural em rótulos de dispositivos médicos. Diário Oficial da União. Edição 164, Seção 1, Página 46.
93 S. Marinho Perioperative anaphylaxis - Time for a NAP6! Clin Exp Allergy, 48 (2018), pp. 1252-1254
94 L. Cabrini, M. Baiardo Redealli, L. Ball, et al. Awake fiberoptic intubation protocols in the operating room for anticipated difficult airway: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Anesth Analg., 128 (2019), pp. 971-980
95 M. Madhere, D. Vangura, A. Saidov Dexmedetomidine as sole agent for awake fiberoptic intubation in a patient with local anesthetic allergy J Anaesth., 25 (2011), pp. 592-594
96 P.M. Mertes, F. De Blay, S. Dong Risque allergique en anesthésie Presse Med., 42 (2013), pp. 269-279
97 P.H.M. Sadleir, R.C. Clarke, D.L. Bunning, P.R. Platt Anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking drugs: incidence and cross-reactivity in Western Australia from 2002 to 2011 Br J Anaesth., 110 (2013), pp. 981-987
98 M.S. Opstrup, L.K. Poulsen, H.J. Malling, B.M. Jensen, L.H. Garvey Dynamics of specific IgE in chlorhexidine allergic patients with and without accidental re-exposure Clin Exp Allergy., 46 (2016), pp. 1090-1098
99 R.J. Mullins The relationship between red meat allergy and sensitization to gelatin and galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose J Allergy Clin Immunol., 125 (2012), pp. 1334-1342
100 D.G. Ebo, M.M. Fischer, M.M. Hagendorens, C.H. Bridts, W.J. Stevens Anaphylaxis during anaesthesia: diagnostic approach Allergy., 62 (2007), pp. 471-487
101 M.V. Bhole, A.L. Manson, S.L. Seneviratne, S.A. Misbah IgE-mediate allergy to local anaesthetic: separating fact from perception: a UK perspective Br J Anaesth., 108 (2012), pp. 903-911
102 B.J. Akhavan, U.A. Osborn, R. Mathew Anaphylactic reaction to ethylene oxide in a hemodialysis patient SAGE Open Med Case Rep., 7 (2019) 2050313X19838744
103 M.S. Opstrup, H. Mosbech, L.H. Garvey Allergic sensitization to ethyelene oxide in patients with suspected allergic reactions during surgery and anesthesia J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol., 20 (2010), pp. 69-70
104 L.H. Garvey Old, new and hidden causes of perioperative hypersensitivity Curr Pharm Des., 22 (2016), pp. 6814-6824
105 S. Bache, J.T. Petersen, L.H. Garvey Anaphylaxis to ethylene oxide – a rare and overlooked phenomenon? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 55 (2011), pp. 1279-1282
106 A. Listyo, K.S. Hofmaeier, O. Bandschapp, T. Erb, C.C. Hasler, A.J. Bircher Severe anaphylactic shock due to ethylene oxide in a patient with myelomeningocele: successful exposure prevention and pretreatment with omalizumab Anesth Analg Case Rep., 2 (2014), pp. 3-6