Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
https://bjan-sba.org/article/doi/10.1016/j.bjane.2015.08.017
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
Review Article

Femoral nerve block versus intravenous fentanyl in adult patients with hip fractures - a systematic review

Bloqueio do nervo femoral versus fentanil por via venosa em pacientes adultos com fraturas de quadril - revisão sistemática

Flávia Vieira Guimarães Hartmann; Maria Rita Carvalho Garbi Novaes; Marta Rodrigues de Carvalho

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2015.08.017 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.67, n1, p.67-71, 2017
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Abstract

Abstract Background: Hip fractures configure an important public health issue and are associated with high mortality taxes and lose of functionality. Hip fractures refer to a fracture occurring between the edge of the femoral head and 5 cm below the lesser trochanter. They are common in orthopedic emergencies. The number of proximal femoral fractures is likely to increase as the population ages. The average cost of care during the initial hospitalization for hip fracture can be estimated about US$ 7,000 per patient. Femoral fractures are painful and need immediate adequate analgesia. Treating pain femoral fractures is difficult because there are limited numbers of analgesics available, many of which have side effects that can limit their use. Opiates are the most used drugs, but they can bring some complications. In this context, femoral nerve blocks can be a safe alternative. It is a specific regional anesthetic technique used by doctors in emergency medicine to provide anesthesia and analgesia of the affected leg. Objective: To compare the analgesic efficacy of intravenous fentanyl versus femoral nerve block before positioning to perform spinal anesthesia in patients with femoral fractures assessed by Pain Scales. Methods: A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted. Studies described as randomized controlled trials comparing femoral nerve block and traditional fentanyl are included. Two reviewers (MR and FH) independently assessed potentially eligible trials for inclusion. The methodology assessment was based on the tool developed by the Cochrane Collaboration for assessment of bias for randomized controlled trials. The Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Medline and Lilacs were searched for all articles published, without restriction of language or time. Results: Two studies were included in this review. Nerve blockade seemed to be more effective than intravenous fentanyl for preventing pain in patients suffering from a femoral fracture. It also reduced the use of additional analgesia and made lower the risk for systemic complications. Femoral nerve block reduced the time to perform spinal anesthesia to the patient who will be subjected to surgery and facilitate the sitting position for this. Conclusion: The use of femoral nerve block can reduce the level of pain and the need for additional analgesia. There are less adverse systemic events associated with this and the procedure itself does not offer greater risks. More studies are required for further conclusions.

Keywords

Hip fractures, Femoral nerve block, Analgesia, Fentanyl

Resumo

Resumo Justificativa: As fraturas de quadril são uma questão importante de saúde pública e estão associadas a altas taxas de mortalidade e perda de funcionalidade. As fraturas de quadril referem-se a uma fratura que ocorre entre a borda da cabeça femoral e 5cm abaixo do trocanter menor e são comuns em emergências ortopédicas. O número de fraturas do fêmur proximal provavelmente aumentará à medida que a população envelhece. O custo médio da assistência médica durante a hospitalização inicial para fratura de quadril pode ser estimado em US$ 7.000 por paciente. As fraturas do fêmur são dolorosas e requerem analgesia adequada imediata. O tratamento da dor causada por fraturas de fêmur é difícil porque há um número limitado de analgésicos disponíveis, muitos dos quais têm efeitos colaterais que podem limitar o seu uso. Os opioides são os fármacos mais usados, mas podem trazer algumas complicações. Nesse contexto, os bloqueios do nervo femoral podem ser uma opção segura. É uma técnica de anestesia regional específica usada em medicina de emergência para proporcionar anestesia e analgesia do membro afetado. Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia analgésica de fentanil versus bloqueio do nervo femoral antes do posicionamento para fazer raquianestesia em pacientes com fratura de fêmur avaliados com escalas de dor. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura científica. Estudos descritos como ensaios clínicos randomizados que comparam bloqueio do nervo femoral e fentanil tradicional foram incluídos. Dois autores da revisão (MR e FH) avaliaram de forma independente os estudos potencialmente elegíveis para inclusão. A metodologia da avaliação baseou-se na ferramenta desenvolvida pela Colaboração Cochrane para avaliação de viés dos ensaios clínicos randomizados. As bases de dados Biblioteca Cochrane, PubMed, Medline e Lilacs foram consultadas para todos os artigos publicados, sem restrições de língua ou de tempo. Resultados: Dois estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão. O bloqueio do nervo pareceu ser mais eficaz do que fentanil por via intravenosa para a prevenção da dor em pacientes com fratura femoral. Também reduziu o uso de analgesia adicional e diminuiu o risco de complicações sistêmicas. O bloqueio femoral reduziu o tempo de administração da raquianestesia ao paciente a ser submetido à cirurgia e facilitou a posição sentada para esse fim. Conclusão: O uso de bloqueio do nervo femoral pode reduzir o nível de dor e a necessidade de analgesia adicional. Há menos eventos adversos sistêmicos associados a esse procedimento, que não oferece maiores riscos. Mais estudos são necessários para conclusões adicionais.

Palavras-chave

Fraturas de quadril, Bloqueio do nervo femoral, Analgesia, Fentanil

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